我国沿海地区台风灾害影响研究

通过分析近１１３ａ来登陆和影响我国的台风在沿海地区的时空分布特征,讨论了台风的四个直接致灾因素（风、浪、风暴潮、暴雨）对我国沿海省份的影响。最后,对我国沿海地区受台风影响的危险度进行了区域划分     

上海滨岸带生态环境问题及调控对策

结合长江口上海滨岸带资源与环境现状,重点分析了上海滨岸地区在经济快速发展过程中面临的主要生态环境问题;指出上海滨岸地区面临风暴潮、海平面上升、地面沉降等主要自然灾害;滨岸水环境质量恶化,重金属等污染物的生态风险不容忽视;潮滩过渡围垦导致湿地生态系统破坏严重。探讨了污水排放等人类活动对滨岸带生态环境的影响。此外,从战略环境评价、污染控制、生态恢复、行政法规和管理等方面,提出了相应的调控对策。     

天津市滨海地区围海新造地生态系统重建

以生态学相关理论为理论指导，提出了一种综合生物工程技术、土壤工程技术和咸水淡化技术的生态系统重建方法及其在天津滨海地区围海新造地的应用。     

Species of copper and zinc in sediments collected from the antarctic ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area

The species of copper and zinc, such as bioexchangeable, skeletal, easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxide), organic combined with sulfides, and detritus with minerals, in mud and sand, separated from the surface Antarctic Ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal (including river and estuarine) sediments, have been analyzed by sequential leaching methods. Results show that in the Antarctic Ocean sediments, high concentrations of total copper (128 mg/kg) and zinc (458 mg/kg) were found in the high mud (99.09%) content samples compared with the low concentrations of total copper (83.8 mg/kg) and zinc (288 mg/kg) in low mud (51.69%) content samples. High concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron are possibly due to the characteristics of manganese nodules, in which the species of copper and zinc are mainly contained in the crystalline Mn oxide phase. In the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the total copper and zinc concentrations in mud and sand vary with season and location. High values were generally observed in the river sediments during the dry season, and low values were in the estuarine and coastal sediments during the heavy rainy season. High percentages of copper (as high as 49.4%) and zinc (as high as 76.7%) in mud and sand were in the bioexchangeable phase including the skeletal phase. This result might be correlated with the problems arising from human impact on copper and zinc as well as sewage pollution in Taiwan. In the organic combined phase, biogenic particulate matter related to higher primary productivity in the Antarctic Ocean is also discussed.     

海南东北部滨海湿地沉积物微量元素分布特征、来源及污染评价

对海南岛东北部滨海湿地128个站位表层沉积物中14种元素(Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、MnO、Cu、Ni、Sr、Zn、V、Pb、Cr、Zr、As、Cd和Hg)、总有机碳(TOC)含量和粒度进行测试分析.结果表明,研究区微量元素V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Hg平均含量分别为(40.13±32.65)、(35.92±26.90)、(13.03±11.46)、(11.56±10.27)、(48.75±27.00)、(5.48±1.60)、(18.70±8.66)、(0.054±0.045)和(0.050±0.050)μg·g~(-1),相比于珠江口、长江口、渤海湾沉积物和其他地质单元含量普遍偏低,而Sr和Zr的平均含量异常分别高达(1 253.60±1 649.58)μg·g~(-1)和(372.40±516.49)μg·g~(-1).研究区微量元素分布特征(除As、Sr和Zr)主要富集在海口湾、南渡江河口、演丰镇东寨港、清澜港文昌/文教河口、万宁小海等海湾和潟湖沉积环境中.通过研究区元素的相关性分析和因子分析(FA),结果显示海南岛东北部底质沉积物中Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、MnO、Cu、Ni、Zn、V、Pb、Cr和部分Hg主要来自于自然源;Cd和部分Hg来自于生物源,其分布受控于TOC;而As和部分Mn O显然受到了人类活动的干扰,其来源可能是沿岸水产养殖废水排放.依据沉积物质量基准Effect Range-Low(ERL)、Effect Range-Median(ERM)和Enrichment Factor(EF)值,计算表明研究区生态环境整体良好,沉积物微量元素污染程度较低,处于无污染-弱污染的程度.但是,22%的站位中Ni可能对海洋底栖生物产生负面影响.文昌市沿岸的冯家湾和龙马乡沿岸的人类活动已经造成区域局部微量元素整体的富集,应该引起重视.     

GIS支持下辽宁省海岸带生态安全空间差异评价研究

辽宁沿海经济带在振兴辽宁老工业基地政策中起着至关重要的作用,但近年来随着沿海地区的经济开发,人海关系矛盾尖锐,生态安全问题层出不穷.文章选取辽宁海岸带30个县市区,基于压力——状态——响应(P-S-R)框架建立生态安全评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法和熵权法进行生态安全状态评价,绘制生态安全空间差异专题地图,最后提出辽宁海岸带的生态安全建设的途径和对策.     

黄土高原延河流域不同植被类型下土壤生态化学计量学特征

植被类型对黄土高原土壤质量的改善具有重要的作用,而土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比是体现生态系统变化过程的重要依据。研究森林、森林草原、草原植被类型对土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征的影响,对于深入认识黄土高原植被恢复对土壤质量的改良、完善生态化学计量学理论和准确评价植被恢复的生态环境效益具有重要的现实意义。延河流域是黄河的一级支流,自然环境脆弱,植被破坏和土壤侵蚀严重,因此,论文选取延河流域为研究对象,分析不同植被类型对土壤碳、氮、磷养分和生态化学计量学特征的影响。结果表明：3种植被带下,表层土壤有机碳、全氮含量显著高于下层土壤,森林带>森林草原带>草原带;森林草原带、草原带下土壤全磷含量在两层土壤中差异不显著,森林植被对土壤碳、氮、磷具有显著的累积作用,对于提高土壤碳、氮、磷含量具有重要的意义。土壤C∶N在3种植被带下较为稳定,土壤有机碳与全氮存在极显著的正相关关系（P<0.01）;土壤C∶P、N∶P受植被类型的影响较大,森林带显著高于森林草原带和草原带,土壤C∶P、N∶P和C∶N之间存在极显著的正相关关系（P<0.01）。总体来说,植被恢复对土壤质量的改善作用明显,森林植被对该区土壤碳、氮、磷等养分含量的累积作用较好,森林植被具有较大的N∶P,其植被生长主要受P含量的限制;草原植被与森林草原植被N∶P比较低,其植被生长主要受N含量的限制。     

Water Quality in Drinking Water Reservoirs of a Megacity, Istanbul

Providing clean water at relevant quality and quantity is a challenge that regulatory authorities have to face in metropolitan cities that seem to develop at their limits of sustainability. Istanbul strives to face such a challenge for its population of over 10 million, through six surface water resources. Two approaches of classification for the reservoirs are presented, one based on current regulations and an alternative based on a more detailed classification. The results have shown that nutrient control is the primary issue, and one of the reservoirs has already exceeded the limits of being eutrophic, one is at mesotrophic conditions, and the remaining four are at the limit of being eutrophic, indicating the significance of making the correct decision and taking pertinent measures for management and control. It has been observed that the only mesotrophic resource, which also has the best general quality class, has no industry and a very low population density, whereas the one that is already eutrophic is also the one with the lowest quality class, has the highest population density, and has the greatest percentage of urban land use within its watershed.     

太湖湖滨带底泥氮、磷、有机质分布与污染评价

采集了环太湖湖滨带表层(0~10cm)底泥,研究分析了湖滨带底泥中有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的空间分布特征,并对太湖湖滨带底泥进行营养评价.结果表明,湖滨带底泥中OM含量在1.42%~9.96%之间,空间分布趋势为:东太湖>竺山湾>贡湖>梅梁湾>南部沿岸>东部沿岸>西部沿岸; TN含量在458~5211mg/kg之间,空间变化趋势为东太湖>竺山湾>东部沿岸>贡湖>南部沿岸>梅梁湾>西部沿岸; TP含量在128.56~1392.16mg/kg之间,空间变化趋势为竺山湾>梅梁湾>东太湖>南部沿岸>贡湖>东部沿岸>西部沿岸,OM与TN分布趋势相似,TN与OM之间极显著正相关(r = 0.903, P<0.01),TP与OM之间弱相关(r = 0.073, P<0.332).结合综合污染指数和有机指数评价法可知,太湖湖滨带底泥环境质量整体较好,氮、磷污染除东太湖和竺山湾属重度污染外其他各区属轻中度污染;有机污染除东太湖外大部分区域属较清洁区.     

MODIS时序影像的福建近岸叶绿素a浓度反演

叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度是可以直接遥感反演的重要水质参数之一,常用来评价近岸水体的富营养化程度.为有效监测福建近岸水域中的叶绿素a浓度变化,本文利用MODIS时间序列影像数据,采用适用于小样本数据的机器学习方法随机森林(Random Forest, RF)和传统的特征波段比值(Band Ratio, BR)方法,结合时序浮标观测数据,在浮标观测站点有限的情况下,采用"以时间连续补空间稀疏"的建模策略,分别对福建近岸不同时相叶绿素a浓度进行遥感反演,并对反演结果进行验证与分析.结果显示RF、BR两种方法反演的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.49、0.52μg·L~(-1),平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别为37.50%、50.20%,平均决定系数(R~2)分别为0.87、0.21.可见,基于MODIS时序影像的RF模型可较准确估测福建近岸叶绿素a浓度,且精度优于BR模型.在近岸水环境普遍恶化且浮标观测站点有限的情况下,本研究可提供一种有效监测叶绿素a浓度的方法,有利于福建近岸水环境(如赤潮)的遥感监测.