降低PM2.5健康风险的行为选择及支付意愿——以北京市居民为例

本文运用权变评价法(CVM)调查了北京市居民对大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)健康风险的认知状况、行为选择及降低健康风险的支付意愿。结果表明:182.5%的居民认为北京市空气污染较为严重,52.4%的居民知道雾霾天气是由PM2.5引起的并认为其会对自己和家人的健康带来影响,92%的居民认为政府应该承担更多降低PM2.5健康风险的责任。2在降低风险的行为中,能够节省生活成本、有益于身心健康的生活方式和符合日常生活习惯的行为得到了最积极的响应,而会降低居民生活舒适性和增加生活成本的行为支持率相对较低。3在降低30%的PM2.5浓度情景下,居民的支付意愿平均为22.78元/月;在降低60%的PM2.5浓度情景下,居民的支付意愿平均为39.82元/月。而且,居民的个体特征、经济条件、居住位置、交通方式、认知水平及风险沟通等因素,都对降低PM2.5健康风险的支付意愿产生显著影响。     

华北地下水超采区农户节水灌溉技术认知分析——以河北省张家口市沽源县为例

目前我国华北地区面临严重的地下水超采问题,在地下水超采综合治理行动方案中明确提出要加强农业节水,调整农业种植结构。农户节水灌溉技术认知与农业节水效果密不可分,本文以河北省张家口市沽源县269份农户调查为样本,采用结构方程模型探索农户节水灌溉技术认知的内在机理。结果显示：农户个人特征、家庭生产特征、政策宣传特征和农户水资源稀缺性认知的路径系数分别为0.186、0.157、0.469和0.200。表明节水灌溉技术补助、培训和参观高效节水示范区对提升农户节水灌溉技术认知的效果显著。因此,在依靠政府技术资金支持的基础上,发现农户节水灌溉技术认知差异,制定完善的节水灌溉技术宣传推广体系,有利于提高华北地区农户采用节水灌溉技术的积极性。     

建筑业从业人员的危险认知差异特性及成因——基于管理人员与作业人员的比较

为掌握不同岗位建筑业从业人员危险认知的差异状况,以认知心理学为基础,从岗位差异角度,采用了行为调查法、心理测量范式及对比分析法,研究了建筑业从业人员危险认知的基本特性、结果差异及成因。结果表明:建筑业从业人员的危险认知具有过程变化性、结果模糊性、方式效仿性、个体差异性的特点;相同条件下,管理人员比作业人员具有更高的危险认知水平,能更主动地搜索施工危险场景,并对施工安全事故保持较高敏感性;职业背景、行为收益及危险刺激敏感性的不同是造成不同岗位建筑业从业人员危险认知差异的重要原因。     

煤矿不同群体间安全文化认知的比较研究

为探究煤矿企业不同群体员工对安全文化认知的差异,将企业员工划分为管理层、专业人员、班组长和一线员工4类群体。通过问卷和SCAP（safety culture analysis program）系统分析等方法,对南阳矿业公司下属3个煤矿中的150名员工进行了安全文化认知水平测评,并利用SPSS 18.0对所得数据进行处理。结果表明:不同群体间安全文化认知水平存在显著差异,样本群体对于企业理念理解、安全业绩、员工违章3个要素认知水平较低;管理层、专业人员、班组长和一线员工安全文化认知水平得分分别为74.4,75,76.4和73.2,其中,班组长的安全文化认知水平最高,一线员工的安全文化认知水平最低,且管理层人员的安全文化认知水平较国际上安全业绩最好企业的同类人员偏低,差值达19.2分。     

农业环境污染认知情况及其影响因素的实证分析研究

现代石油农业在取得巨大经济社会效益的同时,生产中化肥、农药的过度使用也引发了严重的环境问题.以中国综合社会调查(CGSS2010)的数据为基础,运用多元线性回归模型分析环境污染认识情况及其影响因素.结果表明,居民对农业环境污染认知处于高认可水平;个体的户口、年龄,社会经济地位的个人年收入和受教育年限,环境感知的环境问题严重程度、环境问题关注程度显著影响居民农业环境污染认知.提出通过引导居民形成高度的环境保护意识来改善农业生产环境,确保食品安全.     

Fertilizer application training programs,the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity: Evidence from 691 apple growers in China

The article examines whether agricultural training boosted technology adoption and productivity was a key issue that was concerned by policymakers and researchers. Thus, impacts of fertilizer application training programs on the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity were analyzed by using the survey data of 691 apple growers. The results indicated that: (i) compared with farmers who did not participate in fertilizer application training programs, the probability of the adoption of formula fertilization techniques was significantly increased by 256.1% for farmers who participated in fertilizer application training programs; (ii) fertilizer application training programs boosted the adoption of formula fertilization techniques via influencing farmers' cognition and willingness; (iii) yield was significantly increased by 14.3% at the 5% level through participating in fertilizer application training programs, and fertilizer application training programs improved agricultural productivity by means of enhancing the adoption of formula fertilization techniques. This study was conducive to evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural training and boosting agricultural sustainable development.     

Swarm cognition in honey bees

We synthesize findings from neuroscience, psychology, and behavioral biology to show that some key features of cognition in the neuron-based brains of vertebrates are also present in the insect-based swarm of honey bees. We present our ideas in the context of the cognitive task of nest-site selection by honey bee swarms. After reviewing the mechanisms of distributed evidence gathering and processing that are the basis of decision making in bee swarms, we point out numerous similarities in the functional organization of vertebrate brains and honey bee swarms. These include the existence of interconnected subunits, parallel processing of information, a spatially distributed memory, layered processing of information, lateral inhibition, and mechanisms of focusing attention on critical stimuli. We also review the performance of simulated swarms in standard psychological tests of decision making: tests of discrimination ability and assessments of distractor effects.     

认知与方法论双视角下建筑工人不安全行为的研究现状及发展趋势分析

鉴于不安全行为发生时工人处在一个特定主体、空间及时间的三维空间,并存在与之相对应的总体效度、生态效度和时间效度,采用定性方法对认知与方法论双视角下建筑工人不安全行为的研究现状及发展趋势进行了多维度、多效度分析.结果表明:当前认知视角下建筑工人不安全行为研究主要采用具有较高总体效度的自我报告法、行为观察法等传统研究方法,...     

夜间动态环境中空间距离驾驶员判识变化

为研究驾驶员在夜间地面动态环境中距离判识变化的规律,改进行车安全.选取32名驾驶员进行实际道路试验.被试在自车行进方向不同的深度距离、车速下,判识前方障碍物的绝对距离和相对距离.统计距离判识值,得出夜间距离判识值数据分布,取得距离判识特征值.回归分析判识距离与速度的关系,建立障碍物判识变化的数学模型.比较昼夜距离判识差异,分析其对夜间行车安伞的影响.结果表明:在车辆行驶深度方向,夜间距离判识值随速度增加而不断下降,两者之间呈负指数关系;在相同深度距离和速度下,夜间判识距离大于昼间;夜间行车时,需适当降低车速,确保有效的安伞距离.     

A theoretical and methodological framework for studying and modelling drivers’ mental representations

This article provides a synthetic overview of the research programme carried out at INRETS-LESCOT over the last 10 years, in view to studying and modelling the mental representations of car drivers. Theoretically, this research is in line with two complementary scientific traditions: Human Information Processing theories on the one hand, and theories of Operative Activity on the other. As discussed in Section 1 of the article, attention is given to the functional representations of drivers, constructed “by” and “for” the action, such as they are implemented in a driving situation, and taking into account both implicit and explicit dimensions. This aim directly impacts on the methodological approach implemented, in so far as it entails defining an “experimental continuum” ranging from naturalistic observations of the driving activity (on the open road), to setting up more controlled experimental protocols in order to permit in-depth, systematic and reproducible scientific investigations of drivers’ cognition. Section 2 of the article presents a synthetic view of these methods, while Section 3 presents several significant results obtained with them. Lastly, the final part of the article focuses on the computational formalism defined at INRETS-LESCOT (i.e. the driving schemas) designed to model driver knowledge and mental representations, and developed in a COgnitive Simulation MOdel of the DRIVEr called COSMODRIVE.