DIE‐OFF OF PATHOGENIC E. COLI O157:H7 IN SEWAGE CONTAMINATED WATERS1

E. coli O157:H7 is a pathogen that can be present in sewage contaminated waters. This organism poses a health risk for humans who come in contact with these waters via drinking, swimming, or shellfish consumption. A risk assessment model is needed to evaluate or quantify this risk. One possibility is the use of a computer model to simulate the fate and transport of E. coli O157:H7 downstream from a discharge point [e.g., a separate sanitary sewer overflow (SSO)]. However, this computer model would require input data regarding characteristics of this organism, which have not been previously available. One necessary input parameter is the rate at which die off of this organism occurs in a stream or river environment. Several studies were conducted to evaluate the die‐off rate of E. coli O157:H7 in an SSO impacted stream. Indicator bacteria (total coliforms, E. coli, and enterococci) were evaluated simultaneously. The results suggest that E. coli O157:H7 is not persistent — decay rates are high relative to the indicator bacteria. However, the decay plots suggest a biphasic response: initial decay is rapid, followed by an attenuated, slower decay. Hence traditional simulation methods using a single, first‐order decay rate may be inaccurate.     

Quantitative risk analysis for potentially resistant E. coli in surface waters caused by antibiotic use in agricultural systems

Antibiotics are frequently used in agricultural systems to promote livestock health and to control bacterial contaminants. Given the upsurge of the resistant fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in the surface waters, a novel statistical method namely, microbial risk assessment (MRA) was performed, to evaluate the probability of infection by resistant FIB on populations exposed to recreational waters. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, except E. coli O157:H7, were selected for their prevalence in aquatic ecosystem. A comparative study between a typical E. coli pathway and a case scenario aggravated by antibiotic use has been performed via Crystal Ball® software in an effort to analyze a set of available inputs provided by the US institutions including E. coli concentrations in US Great Lakes through using random sampling and probability distributions. Results from forecasting a possible worst-case scenario dose-response, accounted for an approximate 50% chance for 20% of the exposed human populations to be infected by recreational water in the U.S. However, in a typical scenario, there is a 50% chance of infection for only 1% of the exposed human populations. The uncertain variable, E. coli concentration accounted for approximately 92.1% in a typical scenario as the major contributing factor of the dose-response model. Resistant FIB in recreational waters that are exacerbated by a low dose of antibiotic pollutants would increase the adverse health effects in exposed human populations by 10 fold.     

基于大肠杆菌细胞阵列法对典型杀菌剂三氯异氰脲酸的毒理机制探究

三氯异氰脲酸（C₃O₃N₃Cl₃,TCCA）作为一种在循环冷却水系统中广泛使用的杀菌剂,具有高效、快速、低成本等众多优势.但由于其毒性较强,在循环排污水进入受纳水体与废水处理厂过程中,会对生态系统及人体健康造成潜在风险.然而其毒性数据较为缺乏,目前研究仅表明其可能造成强烈的氧化应激反应.因此,本研究采用基于毒理基因组学的大肠杆菌全细胞微阵列测试法对TCCA的毒性作用机制进行深入探究.选用含有多种调控不同生理功能的相关生物标记物基因,从分子层面揭示其毒性效应,并使用转录效应水平指数（TELI值）量化其毒性水平.结果表明,TCCA能够诱导产生多种未知的应激反应/修复途径,且其毒性随浓度增加而增大.在暴露浓度达到1×10^-3 mg·L^-1时,TELI_total值可达到1.77.此外,研究发现TCCA经紫外处理后毒性显著增加,尤其是DNA应激出现突增,TELI_DNA由原先的1.66增加到2.68.     

紫外线消毒中的光复活作用

近年来,紫外线消毒技术在水处理中得到了越来越广泛的应用,它主要是利用短波紫外对微生物的伤害作用,通过在DNA中形成环丁烷嘧啶二聚体,阻碍基因的正常复制,从而导致细菌失活.但是细菌体内的光裂解酶在远紫外光和可见光作用下能够使失活的细菌重新获得活性,这就是光复活作用.低压消毒设备处理后大肠杆菌表现出了一定的光复活能力,但中压消毒设备能够有效的抑制其光复活作用;而噬肺军团菌在低压和中压设备处理后都表现出了很强的光复活能力.在应用紫外线消毒技术时光复活作用的影响不容忽视.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and pond environment in northeastern Brazil

This study aimed to test the susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from the water, bottom sediments and individuals cultivated in shrimp farm ponds, to antibiotics belonging to different families, namely B-Lactams: Imipenem (IPM; 10 μ g), Ampicillin (AMP; 10 μ g), Cephalothin (CEP; 30 μ g), Cefoxitin (FOX; 30 μ g), Ceftriaxone (CRO; 30 μ g); Tetracycline: Tetracycline (TCY; 30 μ g); Aminoglycosides: Gentamicin (GEN; 10 μ g), Amikacin (AMK; 30 μ g); Chloramphenicol: Chloramphenicol (CHO; 30 μ g); Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin (CIP; 5 μ g); Nitrofurans: Nitrofurantoin (NIT; 300 μ g); Sulfonamides: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (SXT; 30 μ g); Quilononas: Nalidixic Acid (NAL; 30 μ g). In the laboratory, the method of dissemination (Test Kirby-Bauer) was performed in order to fulfill the antibiogram tests. The results showed high indices of resistance to Imipenem, Cephalothin and Ampicillin. Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Cefoxitin, Ceftiaxone and Ciprofloxacin have displayed the highest index of sensitive strains. The antibiotic resistance index (ARI) and the multiple resistance index (MAR) varied within the ranges of 0.068–0.077 and 0.15–0.39, respectively. More than 90.5% of strains of Escherichia coli showed a variety of resistance profiles to the tested antibiotics. The high indices of resistance may be a consequence of indiscriminate use of antibiotics, but also the transfer of resistance through mobile genetic elements found in shrimp farms.     

孔板与文丘里组合空化杀灭水中病原微生物

利用水力学实验室自主研发的多孔板与文丘里管组合式水力空化装置来杀灭原水中的病原微生物.以水体中大肠杆菌和菌落总数为指示菌,用平板计数法测得不同工况下的大肠杆菌和菌落总数的杀灭率,研究了空化数、孔口排布、孔口数量、运行时间、原水配比浓度、喉部长短对病原微生物杀灭率的影响.试验结果表明：提高孔口流速和喉部流速、延长运行时间、降低空化数、增多孔口数量、改进孔口排布、选取合适配比浓度、延长喉部长度可以提高大肠杆菌和菌落总数的杀灭率.水力空化是一种无消毒副产物、安全、高效的饮用水消毒新技术,具有潜在的应用前景.     

Comparative study of fluorogenic and chromogenic media for specific detection of environmental isolates of thermotolerant Escherichia coli

In a field study 78 water samples were analysed employingFluorocult Brilla Broth (BB) and its performance was comparedwith standard MPN procedure. Out of 78 water samples analysed 56(71.7%) samples yielded positive reactions in BB whereas, 50(64.1%) samples were positive by standard fecal coliform test.A comparative study of fluorogenic and chromogenic mediacontaining substrate -D glucuronide for specificdetection of environmental isolates of 313 thermotolerant E.coli has been undertaken. Five fluorogenic media wereused: Fluorocult MacConkey agar (MCA), Fluorocult ECD agar(ECD), Fluorocult VRB agar (VRB), Fluorocult E. coli0157:H7 agar (ECH7) and Fluorocult Brilla Broth (BB) andChromogenic Chromocult agar (CCA). BB and CCA were found to behighly specific and sensitive media to detect E. coli asall E. coli yielded positive reaction on them. On ECH7 andECD agar 67.5 and 64.9 of E. coli isolates gave positivereaction, respectively. Low sensitivity was observed in case ofMCA and VRB agar in detecting E. coli. The performance ofBB appears to be better when compared with standard MPNprocedure employing MacConkey broth/Brilliant green bile brothin detecting E. coli in drinking water.     

水中大肠菌群检测方法研究进展

本文报道了近年来检测水质中总大肠菌群及埃希氏大肠杆菌的方法学研究进展。按其作用原理可概括为3类。第1类是通过对培养基成份及培养条件的改进达到检测目的;第2类是用酶底物0NP G和MUG与细菌产生的半乳糖苷酶及葡萄糖苷酸酶起反应,根据色泽及荧光的显示以证实总大肠菌群及埃希氏大肠杆菌的存在;第3类是采用“聚合酶链反应——基因探针”方法,根据DNA分子杂交试验以检测水样中的总大肠菌群及埃希氏大肠杆菌。其中,酶学方法较敏感,色泽及荧光显示明确,操作方便,能较快获得结果,比其他2类方法具有较多优点。     

一种新的生物毒性试验方法

提出了一种新的生物毒性试验方法。应用氧对萤光淬灭的原理研制了一种呼吸计量仪。根据有毒物质对微生物细胞的呼吸抑制程度来评估其毒性大小。应用该呼吸计量仪，试验了多种重金属对活性污泥、土壤细菌及大肠杆菌的毒性影响。结果表明，应用该呼吸计量仪进行毒性试验是可行的。它具有灵敏、快速、高效等特点，可望成为一种大规模的生物毒性试验和环境检测装置。     

Urban stormwater disinfection, quality variability during storage and influence on the freshwater algae: Implications for reuse safety

Stormwater reuse is one of the most important ways to mitigate water resource shortage. However, urban stormwater contains many bacteria species, which threaten the reuse safety. Therefore, stormwater disinfection is highly needed. Although disinfection has been widely conducted in the drinking water and reclaimed water, it is rarely carried out for stormwater. This study collected the roof stormwater and undertook chlorination disinfection. Two typical bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) were selected in this study to investigate the disinfection efficiency. It is found that bacteria species present in the stormwater had an important influence on disinfection efficiency while the original stormwater quality did not show an obvious affect. However, when the disinfected stormwater was stored, the stormwater quality was highly variable during its storage process and the variability was affected by bacteria species. The S.aureus containing stormwater showed a high variability of quality and S.aureus significantly regrew. However, the E.coli containing stormwater quality had a relatively low variability and E.coli did not significantly regrew. Additionally, it is noted that after storage, the dissolved form of stormwater was more positive to the freshwater algae's growth while the particulate form (including bacteria and other particulate matters) was less. This implies that a further treatment such as filtration is needed before the stored stormwater is recharged into receiving waters in order to remove particulate forms. These research outcomes can provide useful insight to effective stormwater disinfection and ensure reuse safety.