河长制背景下流域协同治理问题探讨——基于共容利益理论

河长制是中国水环境治理的重大创新实践,其明确的责任、针对性的治理模式有效实现了水环境质量的大步提升.然而,以行政区划为基础的河长制与流域整体性治理之间依然存在着操作上的缝隙亟待解决.以流域水污染为典型对象,从共容利益的角度,讨论了上、下游河长协同治理的利益博弈结构,明确影响上、下游合作的因素,进而提出河长制背景下促进流...     

A practical dialogue protocol for sustainability science to contribute to regional resources management: its implementation in Réunion

Over the last decade, adaptive co‐management has been recommended as a policy framework to address complex and uncertain resources management issues. Implementing this theoretical management concept requires the integration of multidisciplinary research and local knowledge. Yet practical protocols to link science, policymaking and societies have yet to be developed. We designed a protocol to produce legitimate, credible and relevant solutions to a regional resources management issue. This is a two‐component protocol. A stakeholder grid categorizes stakeholder representatives in three distinct specialized dialogue arenas: institution representatives, technical experts and local end‐users. An iterative co‐design process then builds on these arenas to assess the institutional legitimacy, technical credibility and empirical relevance dimensions of a common solution initiated by an initial plausible promise. We tested this framework in Réunion to address organic waste management issues at the regional level. The plausible solution explored was the introduction of a recycling industry involved in collecting organic waste and producing and selling organic fertilizers tailored for local crop systems. The protocol application outcomes were consolidated and documented scenarios accepted by all, with knowledge exchange and the broad spread of a stabilized expectation contributing to private initiatives and public policy change.     

Dealing with uncertainty in collaborative planning: developing adaptive strategies for the IJsselmeer

Adaptive strategies to deal with uncertainty in water management are often collaboratively developed. So far, however, little attention has been paid to the influence of collaboration on handling uncertainty through adaptive planning. In this paper, we study how collaboration has influenced the handling of uncertainty through adaptive planning for water management strategies for the IJsselmeer area in the Netherlands. We show how a fixation on certainty, different perspectives among actors and unclear responsibilities between arenas affect the handling of uncertainty, and found that it is adversely affected by collaboration. The use of adaptive planning challenged current water uses and system functions, creating resistance from actors. We conclude that developing a shared problem perception, creating a common understanding of uncertainties and ensuring a clear demarcation between the water system, its societal functions and water usage, are necessary to make adaptive planning successful in handling uncertainty.     

京津冀生态环境协同保护立法的基本问题

京津冀生态环境的协同保护需要立法推动,因此,有必要制定《京津冀区域生态环境协同保护条例》或者《京津冀区域国土保护与整治条例》及配套的办法。在基本原则方面,可建立一体化保护、以环境质量管理为核心、功能与用途管制、共同但有区别责任等原则。在监管体制方面,可由国务院成立实体性的区域协同发展委员会。 在制度机制方面,可采取统一的环境规划、环境标准、总量控制、环评、监测与预警应急、生态补偿等措施。在法治架构方面,要建立一体化的环境市场、信息公开、公众参与、执法监管等体系。该立法的制定要符合以下标准:定位要精准,立法目的要明确;思路要清晰,措施的层次要分明;制度可实施,协同的措施要实际;原则要坚持,采取的手段可灵活;权利要公平,赋予的义务要均衡;实施可监督,失职的责任能追究。     

大气污染防治的多主体协同机制研究

以协同思想为出发点,分析了中国大气污染多主体协同防治存在的诸多困境,并因此构建了大气污染多主体协同防治系统,认为中国当前大气污染防治需要政府、企业、环保非政府组织(NGO)、公众、媒体五个主体联合发力,彼此之间分工明确、优势互补的协作关系是维持协同系统高效运转的基础.进而着重探讨了为实现大气污染协同防治的目标,各主体在协同系统内部应该具备的职责.     

INTEGRATING SOCIO‐ECONOMIC AND BIOPHYSICAL DATA TO UNDERPIN COLLABORATIVE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Watersheds are widely accepted as a useful geography for organizing natural resource management in Australia and the United States. It is assumed that effective action needs to be underpinned by an understanding of the interactions between people and the environment. While there has been some social research as part of watershed planning, there have been few attempts to integrate socio‐economic and biophysical data to improve the efficacy of watershed management. This paper explores that topic. With limited resources for social research, watershed partners in Australia chose to focus on gathering spatially referenced socio‐economic data using a mail survey to private landholders that would enable them to identify and refine priority issues, develop and improve communication with private landholders, choose policy options to accomplish watershed targets, and evaluate the achievement of intermediate watershed plan objectives. Experience with seven large watershed projects provides considerable insight about the needs of watershed planners, how to effectively engage them, and how to collect and integrate social data as part of watershed management.     

CULTURAL EVOLUTION AND WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE SALINAS RIVER VALLEY1

ABSTRACT: This article reports the findings of a case study of a major California water management district's effort to change its management approach. The following key findings and factors have influenced the Salinas basin management plan (BMP) and its progress: (1) the Salinas Valley is an economy dominated by highly sophisticated irrigated agriculture dependent on ground water; (2) a persistent pattern of agricultural overdraft of ground water has hurt growers primarily in the north end of the valley via induced saline intrusion of irrigation wells; (3) a complex set of water institutions, property and water rights, and land lease practices offer little incentive for good stewardship of land and water; and (4) the BMP approach initially may have intensified tension among growers and between growers and other water user groups. Water rules and practices in the Salinas Valley and Monterey County have evolved through a long historical process of adaptations. Therefore, any significant changes in local water use practices need to be understood in terms of cultural change, that is, changes in deeply held values, beliefs, and assumptions. We believe the BMP and the MCWRA are succeeding when evaluated from this evolutionary perspective. The fact that both still exist relatively intact testifies that they are working, albeit slowly.     

流域保护区域协同立法的功能定位与规范进路

《长江保护法》《黄河保护法》为长江、黄河流域的区域协同立法提供了法律依据,在流域保护区域协同立法“入法”后,需要明晰其权力空间与运行规则,提升其科学化、规范化水平。流域保护区域协同立法在本质上仍属于地方立法,是功能主义进路下解决跨行政区域流域保护难题的一种选择,是流域整体性保护的立法回应。就其功能而言,具有落实国家立法确立的流域保护整体目标的实施性功能,以地方合作为中心,解决那些通过单独地方立法难以解决的跨行政区域地方性流域保护问题的协调性、自主性、创新性功能。在此基础上,应当通过明晰其立法层级,建立地方立法规划协同机制,改、废、释的协同机制,交叉备案与后评估机制,深化公众参与机制,完善流域保护区域协同立法的运行规则。     

长江流域生态环境协同规制的立法诠释与意涵表达——以《长江保护法》为述评视角

为解决长江流域生态环境治理模式中“权力—权利”主体间存在的结构性冲突,《长江保护法》以专门立法的形式对流域生态环境法律体系进行了统合性建构,创设出“环境公权机关统筹主导+环境私权主体竞相参与”的长江流域生态环境协同规制的新模式。该模式的塑造既有对构建我国现代环境治理体系这一顶层设计的积极遵循,也适配于社会性规制力量蓬勃发展的客观趋向,符合“成本—效益分析”视野下流域生态环境治理成本最小化的价值追求。以对长江流域生态环境治理法律秩序的高度统摄为依归,长江流域生态环境协同规制模式一方面沿循从“宏观宣示”到“微观赋权”的渐进性立法表达路径,对国家权力统筹主导流域治理的地位进行了立法诠释;另一方面也对社会力量多元参与流域治理的功能配置与职责序构作了妥善且周延的法律安排。在学理上,可从形式、理念与要素三重维度内容出发,对长江流域生态环境协同规制模式的法律意涵予以明晰。     

协同引擎、外部环境与流域生态补偿多主体协同行为研究——以山东省大汶河流域为例

联合多方利益相关主体实施协同行为,提升多元异质性主体之间的协同性,对优化流域生态补偿机制效能至关重要。本文基于山东省大汶河流域的979份实地调研数据,运用层次回归与有调节的中介效应检验方法,实证剖析协同引擎、外部环境对流域生态补偿多主体协同行为的驱动机理。研究表明：①协同引擎对流域生态补偿多主体协同行为具有显著正向驱动作用;②协同意愿在协同引擎与协同行为之间起中介作用,协同引擎可通过强化协同意愿间接驱动协同行为;③外部环境正向调节协同意愿向协同行为的转化,政府规制与社会规范的调节作用均通过显著性检验;④有调节的中介效应检验结果显示,高水平的政府规制及社会规范影响下,协同意愿在协同引擎与协同行为之间的中介作用得到增强,但在低水平的政府规制与社会规范影响下,协同意愿的中介作用并不显著。