O3自动监测的技术要点

通过多年在粤港空气监控系统中的O3自动监测实践,阐述了O3标准气浓度传递认证的范例性解决方案,并在O3气体样品输送、O3分析仪器性能维护及在线检查校准用标准气等方面提出了实用的技术方法。     

基于NDVI指数的骆马湖水生植被分级研究

基于典型时段骆马湖LandsatTM遥感影像,利用归一化植被指数（NDVI）法对骆马湖水生植被进行分级研究.采用标准差分级方法,将骆马湖水生植被分为5个等级.研究结果表明,利用这种分级方法处理的图像能够较准确地反映骆马湖水生植被区域分布和等级分区,能够更准确地给出采砂区和生态保护区域的位置,增强湖区水生态环境保护工作的有效性和针对性.     

混凝-膜组合工艺处理水产养殖废水

采用混凝-膜过滤组合工艺处理鳗鲡养殖废水,实验研究了混凝对废水的处理效果,确定了最佳的混凝剂和助凝剂,并对水体进行2种膜工艺的处理。结果表明,聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)是处理鳗鲡养殖废水的理想混凝剂,最佳用量为30 mg/L;加入助凝剂壳聚糖,能有效提高混凝剂污染物去除效果,助凝剂最佳用量为0.3 mg/L,pH值约为6.0;膜分离可以进一步提高处理效果。在系统进水化学需氧量质量浓度为6.82~7.65 mg/L,氨氮质量浓度为0.78~0.92 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.35~0.39 mg/L,硝酸盐氮质量浓度为2.49~3.07 mg/L,活性磷酸盐质量浓度为0.74~0.89 mg/L,水温为20~28℃时,混凝-膜过滤组合方法对养殖废水中5项指标的去除率分别为:75.6%、61.2%、82.9%、37.5%和59.1%。但总体而言,混凝-膜组合工艺在水产养殖废水应用中处理效果明显,具有可行性和实用性。     

砷离子印迹聚合物的制备及性能评价

利用表面印迹技术,以α-甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂在偶氮二异丁腈的引发下发生交联反应生成砷离子印迹聚合物。采用电镜扫描与傅里叶红外光谱对印迹聚合物进行形貌与结构的表征;采用静态吸附法对印迹聚合物吸附过程的pH影响、吸附等温模型和吸附动力学进行研究;同时还研究了在竞争离子存在的情况下砷离子印迹聚合物的选择吸附性能。在25℃、pH=6时,印迹聚合物的吸附量约为非印迹聚合物的1.5倍,对砷离子的吸附过程基本吻合Langmuir吸附等温模型;在动力学研究中发现,吸附过程更为符合准二级动力学方程;在竞争离子存在的情况下,砷离子印迹聚合物有着良好的选择吸附性。     

Adsorption/Desorption of Copper by a Sandy Soil Amended with Various Rates of Manure,Sewage Sludge,and Incinerated Sewage Sludge

Organic amendments are sometimes applied to agricultural soils to improve the physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of the soils. The organic fractions in these soil amendments also influence metal reaction, particularly the adsorption and desorption of metals, which, in turn, determine the bioavailability of the metals and hence their phytotoxicities. In this study, a Quincy fine sandy (mixed, mesic, Xeric Torripsamments) soil was treated with 0 to 160 g kg^?1 rates of either manure, sewage sludge (SS), or incinerated sewage sludge (ISS) and equilibrated in a greenhouse at near field capacity moisture content for 100 days. Following the incubation period, the soil was dried and adsorption of copper (Cu) was evaluated in a batch equilibration study at either 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg L^?1 Cu concentrations in a 0.01M CaCl₂ solution. The desorption of adsorbed Cu was evaluated by three successive elutions in 0.01M CaCl₂. Copper adsorption increased with an increase in manure rates. At the highest rate of manure addition (160 g kg^?1 soil), Cu adsorption was two-fold greater than that by the unamended soil at all rates of Cu additions. With increasing rates of Cu additions, the adsorption of Cu decreased from 99.4 to 77.6% of Cu applied to the 160 g kg^?1 manure amended soil. The desorption of Cu decreased with an increase in rate of manure amendment. Effects of sewage sludge amendments on Cu adsorption were somewhat similar to those as described for manure additions. Likewise, the desorption of Cu was the least at the high rate of SS addition (160 g kg^?1), although at the lower rates there was not a clear indication of the rate effects. In contrast to the above two amendments, the ISS amendment had the least effect on Cu adsorption. At the highest rate of ISS amendment, the Cu adsorption was roughly 50% of that at the similar rate of either manure or SS amendments, across all Cu rates.     

不同类型组合与滞留时间下串联型基质床净污效果

研究了不同基质床组合和不同滞留时间下对模拟生活污水的净化效果,并对2个影响因素进行二维方差分析。选取砾石、炉渣和沸石作为级配基质,构建由表流型基质床和潜流型基质床组成的4种三级串联基质床组合,设定污水滞留时间为1、3和5h。结果表明,不同基质床组合的净污效果存在显著性差异,其中由2个表流型基质床和1个潜流型基质床组成的系统对CODMn、NH4＋-N和PO34--P的去除率最高。不同滞留时间的净污效果也存在显著性差异,且污水在系统中滞留时间越长,去污效率越高。尽管不同基质床组合和滞留时间都对CODMn、NH4＋-N和PO34--P去除率有着显著性影响,但基质床组合与滞留时间的交互作用对去除率影响却不显著。     

武汉城市圈土地利用空间关联的碳排放效率及其收敛性分析

通过测算武汉城市圈土地利用空间关联的碳排放效率及其收敛性,为该城市群提供碳减排方案。通过运用结合Bootstrap技术的Malmquist指数方法测算了武汉城市圈土地利用空间关联的碳排放效率及其技术进步和技术效率,并对该效率做σ-收敛和β-收敛分析。研究发现该城市圈土地利用空间关联的碳排放效率在2010年前呈上升趋势,之后出现下降;究其原因,虽然技术进步是持续的,但是不足以弥补技术效率的不断降低;将武汉城市圈按照土地类型分为三类城市,收敛性分析发现它们均出现了不同程度的收敛,而且收敛于较高的碳排放水平。根据以上的分析结果,结合该城市圈的产业布局,提出了相应的减碳方案。     

Assessment of denitrification process in lower Ishikari river system,Japan

Sediment denitrification rate and its role in removal of dissolved nitrate load in lower Ishikari river system were examined. Denitrification rate were measured using acetylene inhibition technique on the sediment samples collected during August 2009–July 2010. The denitrification rate varied from 0.001 to 1.9 μg N g⁻¹ DM h⁻¹ with an average value of 0.21 μg N g⁻¹ DM h⁻¹ in lower Ishikari river system. Denitrification rate showed positive correlation with dissolved nitrate concentration in the river basin, indicating overlying water column supplied nitrate for the sediment denitrification processes. Nutrient enrichment experiments result showed that denitrification rate increased significantly with addition of nitrate in case of samples collected from Barato Lake however no such increase was observed in the samples collected from Ishikari river main channel and its major tributaries indicating that factors other than substrate concentration such as population of denitrifier and hydrological properties of stream channel including channel depth and flow velocity may affects the denitrification rate in lower Ishikari river system. Denitrification rate showed no significant increase with the addition of labile carbon (glucose), indicating that sediment samples had sufficient organic matter to sustain denitrification activity. The result of nutrient spiraling model indicates that in- stream denitrification process removes on an average 5% d⁻¹ of dissolve nitrate load in Ishikari river. This study was carried out to fill the gap present in the availability of riverine denitrification rate measurement and its role in nitrogen budget from Japanese rivers characterize by small river length and high flow rate.     

一种水基燃烧新技术及其清除海洋油污应用

针对大面积海洋石油污染难以利用现有方法进行高效治理的问题,针对性地提出了一种简便实用的水基燃烧新技术,介绍了其技术特点和以碳化钙和金属钾为主要原料配方的化学反应原理,进而利用其独特的可长时间持续燃烧这一关键性能,设计开展了对海洋油污进行清除处理的实验研究。结果不仅表明了采用该技术处理海洋油污的有效性,特别是对实际最为常见且采用传统燃烧法根本无法处理的油层厚度不足3 mm的海洋原油污染,通过其对油层持续的点火和加热挥发等多种作用也可达到高效清除的目的,并从油层厚度与燃烧状况之间的关系对相关的理论问题进行了分析,体现了其良好的应用前景。     

Al／C／Fe复合电极电絮凝法同时除氟除砷（V）

为了同时去除地下水中的氟和砷,提出了Al／C／Fe复合电极电絮凝法和Al／C—Fe／C依次除氟砷法,并进行效果对比。研究了Al／C／Fe复合电极电絮凝法的影响因素,并对复合电极电絮凝产生的絮体进行了SEM-EDX分析。结果表明,Al／C／Fe复合电极电絮凝法对氟、砷的去除速率分别是Al／C-Fe／C依次除氟砷法的1．43倍和4．73倍;初始氟／砷浓度为4．0／1．0、4．0／0和0／1．0mg／L3种条件下,通过铝极板、铁极板的电流密度均为0．10mA／cm2时,达到最好的除氟除砷效果,与初始氟／砷浓度无关。