东湖通道工程施工废水的理化特性与处置对策研究

为认识东湖通道施工废水的基本特性,以不受施工干扰的湖心水样为对照,对东湖通道施工过程中产生的生产、生活废水进行了分析.结果发现,通道施工废水的主要特征是悬浮颗粒物、营养物质、还原性物质等物质的含量高,水体呈碱性;其中,坑道废水悬浮颗粒物多、浊度高;桩机打桩废水悬浮颗粒物多、浊度高、营养物质含量高;搅拌施工废水氧化还原电位高、悬浮颗粒物含量高;材料堆放废水高锰酸盐指数高,生活污水浊度高、营养物质和水中油的含量高,粪大肠杆菌群超标.坑道废水、桩机打桩废水、搅拌施工废水和生活污水均为劣Ⅴ类,材料堆放废水符合Ⅳ类水标准.针对东湖通道施工废水的理化特性,鉴于国家5A级景区对水质的较高要求,建议在施工区构建临时沉淀池、小型氧化塘等设施开展原位污废水处置,确保达标排放,避免影响水生态环境.     

Community‐based water supplies in Cikarang,Indonesia: are they sustainable?

Community‐based water supply (CBWS) is an example of how a community manages common pool resources (CPR). This results in an alternative approach to solve water supply problems in developing countries by enhancing community participation in managing water supply. This research evaluates the sustainability of five CBWS projects in Cikarang, Indonesia by using Ostrom's design principles, with additional sustainability factors found in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on drinking water and groundwater sustainability. Quinn et al. (2007) criteria were used in the analysis, and the results show that the management of four CBWS institutions were absent and one CBWS institution was weak. With regards to the SDG's drinking water target, the CBWS institutions were unable to comply with safe water standards, and in terms of groundwater sustainability, efforts to monitor and sustain groundwater tables were absent. Results from this research suggest that more focus must be placed on water quality and groundwater sustainability for CBWS projects.     

Government management and overexploitation of groundwater resources: absence of local community initiatives in Ardabil plain-Iran

Although mismanagement of groundwater resources has resulted in their destruction over centuries, climate change is speeding up this process more than ever. On the one hand, urgent action by government bodies is needed to address the challenge. On the other hand, a vast body of literature proves that bottom-up collective action, although requiring a longer time period, is a better solution to manage such resources. This research aims to address this dilemma. The groundwater resource in Ardabil plain in Iran, which has long been managed solely through government intervention, has been chosen as a case study to explore the opportunities and limitations of managing a critically endangered area from a common pool resource perspective. Our study suggests that managing Ardabil groundwater resources should be conducted on two scales. The bottom-up institutional agreements should take place at village scale while the government should stay in charge of the overall organization at plain scale.     

Individualized water source as an indicator of attitudes about water management and conservation in humid regions

Public perceptions about water quantity and water as a common pool resource are understudied in humid regions. As water demand increases, the need to more closely manage water, even in humid areas, will increase, requiring better understanding how people perceive their water supply, how they view paying for water conservation and how water user characteristics influence attitudes. A survey finds correlations between utilizing an individual water source (e.g. well or spring) and attitudes toward water management and conservation. Compared to respondents with a shared water source, those with an individual source believe they are segregated from regional water concerns. They are less willing to pay for water management or conservation measures and less supportive of any government intervention in water management. These results suggest that planners and water managers may face resistance to conservation policies or any policy based on the idea of water as a common pool resource.     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

环境伦理学价值关系的评价——论罗尔斯顿的内在价值理论

罗尔斯顿把价值评价关系引入了自然系统,想从自然的创造性关系引出价值的关系,并把价值最重要的属性看作是创造性,因而,他也就偏离了主体设定的价值取向,把价值的生成看成是自然本身的事情了。     

北京市交通路口大气颗粒物污染特征研究(Ⅰ)——大气颗粒物污染特征及其影响因素

研究了北京市典型交通路口大气颗粒物的污染特征及影响因素.于2000年6月在北京市主要交通路口之一的崇文门路口,采集了大气中不同粒径的颗粒物样品,并进行了颗粒物质量浓度、离子浓度和元素质量浓度的分析,同时进行了样品采集期间机动车流量调查.研究结果表明,6月5日大气颗粒物污染严重.6月6日0∶10-3∶50,ρ(PM_2.5)达到最高值.崇文门路口的大气颗粒物污染水平与机动车流量之间无明显的对应关系.交通来源颗粒物是影响交通路口污染水平的首要因素,颗粒物中Al,Ca,Fe和Mg等元素主要来自机动车行驶载带的道路可扬尘,而Cu,Pb等元素主要来自机动车的排放.还指出了今后进行该类研究的主要方向和技术思路.      

北京市交通路口大气颗粒物污染特征研究(Ⅱ)——大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物污染特征

研究了北京市交通路口大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的污染特征.通过对2000年6月采集的大气颗粒物样品的分析,研究了北京市崇文门路口大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的污染状况.结果表明:交通排放是大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的重要来源之一;总体上非烃类化合物主要富集在粒径较小的粒子中,细粒子中的非烃类化合物应主要来源于机动车尾气排放;白天ρ(非烃类化合物)随机动车流量的增加而增加,夜晚机动车流量减小,但ρ(非烃类化合物)却高于白天,显示出大型柴油车的主要影响和贡献;非烃类化合物的污染主要表现为酞酸酯和苯酚类化合物的污染.并对交通路口大气颗粒物中酞酸酯的来源进行了探讨.      

中国循环经济发展规划的进展探讨

当前循环经济的研究工作在中国深入展开,与此相适应的循环经济规划的编制和实施工作紧密进行.文章围绕规划的理论基础、现实意义,以及基本元素构成进行介绍.就开展规划编制工作的现状展开综述,归纳所取得的成绩与存在的缺陷、待解决或完善的内容.从我国实际并行的若干规划出发,初步阐释其与循环经济规划协调的原理.现阶段的循环经济探索主要还是基于环境,其可能的经济属性的严重探究不足.试行循环经济规划之后增加的再生成本等其他相关问题在后一阶段的规划推进中需深入考虑.     

MPP协同MF@ADP阻燃低密度聚乙烯性能研究*

为提高低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）阻燃性能和阻燃LDPE复合材料的力学性能与抑烟性能,采用原位聚合法制备三聚氰胺-甲醛（MF）树脂包覆二乙基次磷酸铝（ADP）的MF@ADP微胶囊,再引入三聚氰胺聚磷酸（MPP）与MF@ADP进行协效复配,熔融共混制备阻燃LDPE复合材料。通过氧指数、热重分析、力学测试和烟密度测试等研究复合材料的阻燃、力学和抑烟性能。研究结果表明:MF@ADP微胶囊能改善阻燃剂与复合材料之间的相容性,与MPP复配构成的磷-氮膨胀阻燃体系能有效提高LDPE的抑烟性能;当MF@ADP∶MPP的质量比为2∶1时,材料的LOI达到了30.6%,垂直燃烧测试达到UL-94 V0级,拉伸强度为11.8 MPa,且形成的P/N/O高聚物炭层稳定性更高,可减少LDPE燃烧释放的烟雾量。