Review of recent advances in research on the toxicity,detection, occurrence and fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in the environment

The fate and behavior of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in the environment were reviewed. We evaluated their usage data and patterns, physico-chemical properties, toxicology, partitioning and degradation, methods of detection, and concentrations. The use of cVMS as an intermediate in the formation of silicone polymers, personal care and household products has resulted in their widespread environmental exposure; they have been detected in biogas, air, water, soil, biosolid, sediment, and biota samples. Modeled and experimental results suggest that cVMS may be subject to long-range atmospheric transport, but have low potential to contaminate the Arctic. For D4 and D5, there was no evidence of trophic biomagnification in aquatic food webs, while some aquatic organisms demonstrated a high degree of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation. High concentrations of cVMS observed in indoor air and biosolids resulted from point sources. Concentrations of cVMS in water, sediment, and soil were all below their no-observed-effect-concentrations.     

地震地表破裂与发震断层的性状

本文在总结地震地面破坏实地考察和统计的基础上,发现地震地面破坏的类型与发震断层的性状关系密切。以走滑为主的发震断层,可产生大规模的地震地表破裂;以倾滑为主的高角度发震断层有时可产生一定规模的地震地表破裂;以倾滑为主的低角度发震断层或连通不好的发震断层,地震地表破裂不发育,而次生的地面破坏普遍发育。倾滑型发震断层产生的地面破坏在多方面具有类似的特征,但逆断层性质的发震断层产生的地面破坏分布在断层下盘,而正断层性质的发震断层产生的地面破坏分布在断层的上盘。并进行了有限元模拟,表明,地震地面破坏分布受断层能量释放区域的控制。     

环境水体微污染有机物及其去除技术研究进展

水体有机污染物因其生物毒性对人体健康和生态环境造成了严重的危害。随着环保技术的发展,高浓度有机污染物已得到很好的去除。检测水平的不断提高使微量有机污染物日益受到广泛关注。为了深入地研究微污染有机物及其去除技术,对微污染有机物的种类、性质和危害进行了详细阐述,并综述了国内外生物法、膜处理技术、高级氧化技术、吸附技术对微污染有机物的去除效果,总结了各种技术的优缺点。     

基于典范对应分析的喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤-环境关系研究

喀斯特地区是典型的生态脆弱区,环境容量小,抗干扰能力低,不同的土地利用方式、海拔、地貌地形特征等环境因子对土壤性质的空间变异有重要影响,峰丛洼地地貌景观异常破碎,石漠化严重,土壤性质对其环境的变化更加敏感.在野外调查取样、实验室分析的基础上,采用典范对应分析(CCA)研究土壤-环境关系.结果表明,不同的环境条件下土壤性质的空间变异有很大差异,全氮、碱解氮、有机碳、速效磷、速效钾、碳氮比的空间变异要比全磷、全钾和pH值的空间变异大,其中全氮、碱解氮和有机碳的空间变异趋势相似;不同的土壤性质与不同的环境因子之间的关联性不同,土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮与裸岩率和坡度有很好的关联性,速效钾主要受植被类型的影响,碳氮比与土壤厚度有很好的相关性,而全钾、全磷和pH值受环境的影响相对较小;不同的环境因子对土壤性质的影响程度大小依次为:土地利用方式>植被类型>裸岩率>坡向>土壤厚度>坡度>海拔高度.除全钾和pH值以外,不同的土地利用方式对土壤性质有显著影响.     

暗处理对油菜子叶类囊体膜色素组成和荧光性质的影响

以蜀杂10号油菜为材料,播种7 d后分别置于自然光照条件和黑暗环境中进行暗处理,未处理油菜在d 5、d7、d 14、d 17、d 21、d 24和d 27时收集子叶,暗处理油菜于播种d 8、d 10、d 12和d 14时收集子叶.制备油菜子叶类囊体膜,分析色素含量,并进行类囊体膜丙酮抽提液窜温吸收光谱、叶绿素荧光发射和激发光谱以及蛋白质内源荧光光谱的分析.结果显示:与未处理油菜相比,暗处理引起油菜子叶类囊体膜光合色素Chl a和Chl b含量急剧减少,Chla/b比值和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素(Chl/Car)比值持续下降,类囊体膜对叶绿素的捕光能力和受激发能力降低,类囊体膜蛋白质内源荧光强度降低,以及色素蛋白复合物降解.上述结果表明,暗处理诱导油菜子叶快速进入衰老阶段,类囊体膜蛋白组成和色素的光合功能均发生了明显的变化.图10参23     

Ⅲ型储氢气瓶内胆6061-T6铝合金的氢致损伤研究进展

基于在多次循环充、放氢过程中,Ⅲ型储氢气瓶6061-T6铝合金内胆内部结构中渗入氢,从而导致性能衰减,影响气瓶服役安全可靠性,文中从氢渗透损伤、高压气体渗氢、溶液渗氢等几个方面综述了国内外开展包括6061铝在内的铝及铝合金中氢渗透行为及对铝合金拉伸力学性能、疲劳性能的影响的研究进展.简述了采用高压气体渗氢及溶液渗氢开展...     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的物理化学特性

分析了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的粒径、微观形貌及组成。结果表明:98%～99%的飞灰颗粒粒径在4～100μm之间,颗粒分布比较均匀;玻璃相含量高达59%,其中的玻璃微珠使得飞灰具有较大的活性;主要化学成分是CaO、SiO2和Al2O3,含量分别35.8%、20.5%、5.8%,构成SiO2-Al2O3-金属氧化物体系;主要矿物成分是SiO2、CaCl2、Ca3Si2O7、Ca2SiO.40.35H2O、Ca9Si6O21.H2O、K2Al2Si2O8.3.8H2O和AlCl3.4A(lOH).34H2O等硅酸盐及铝硅酸盐,因此飞灰是一种有用材料。     

北京市综合商务楼宇安全管理问题及对策——以西城区德胜地区为例

作为城市经济发展重要依托的综合商务楼宇在运营中仍旧存在安全风险。基于此,本文运用专家调查法,结合整体分析与比对分析,研究了综合商务楼宇安全管理现状中存在的问题,进而提出综合商务楼宇应进一步完善安全管理工作制度,加强风险监管工作力度,创新高品质安全管理方式及倡导楼宇安全管理行业化等措施,以期为楼宇从源头上进行安全管理提供科学方法和应用参考。     

Design principles and common pool resource management: an institutional approach to evaluating community management in semi-arid Tanzania

This paper analyses the role of institutions in the management of common pool resources (CPRs) in semi-arid Tanzania. Common property regimes have often been considered inadequate for the management of CPRs because of the problems of excludability, but they are becoming more widely supported as the way forward to overcome the problems of resource use and degradation in developing countries. A series of design principles for long enduring common property institutions have been proposed by Ostrom, but there is concern that they are not applicable to a wide range of real life situations or that they may be specific to certain types of CPR. Here, we compare these principles to the situation prevailing in 12 villages in six districts in semi-arid Tanzania. Data on management institutions were collected through semi-structured interviews and meetings at district and village level. The combined information was used to make a qualitative assessment of the strength with which each design principle appeared to operate in the management of forest, pasture and water resources. Boundaries, conflict and negotiation in CPR management are of key importance in semi-arid regions. However, the need for flexibility in order to deal with ecological uncertainty means that many management institutions would be considered weak or absent according to the design principle approach. This supports the view that the design principles should not be used as a 'blueprint to be imposed on resource management regimes' rather that they provide a framework for investigating common property regimes with the proviso that, certainly for semi-arid regions, they may highlight where management cannot be explained by institutional theory alone.     

Conservation Success as a Function of Good Alignment of Social and Ecological Structures and Processes

How to create and adjust governing institutions so that they align (fit) with complex ecosystem processes and structures across scales is an issue of increasing concern in conservation. It is argued that lack of such social‐ecological fit makes governance and conservation difficult, yet progress in explicitly defining and rigorously testing what constitutes a good fit has been limited. We used a novel modeling approach and data from case studies of fishery and forest conservation to empirically test presumed relationships between conservation outcomes and certain patterns of alignment of social‐ecological interdependences. Our approach made it possible to analyze conservation outcome on a systems level while also providing information on how individual actors are positioned in the complex web of social‐ecological interdependencies. We found that when actors who shared resources were also socially linked, conservation at the level of the whole social‐ecological system was positively affected. When the scales at which individual actors used resources and the scale at which ecological resources were interconnected to other ecological resources were aligned through tightened feedback loops, conservation outcome was better than when they were not aligned. The analysis of individual actors’ positions in the web of social‐ecological interdependencies was helpful in understanding why a system has a certain level of social‐ecological fit. Results of analysis of positions showed that different actors contributed in very different ways to achieve a certain fit and revealed some underlying difference between the actors, for example in terms of actors’ varying rights to access and use different ecological resources. El Éxito de la Conservación como Función de una Buena Alineación de Estructuras y Procesos Sociales y Ecológicos