黔东南施秉白云岩上覆土壤剖面理化特征与土壤有机碳含量关系研究

以贵州施秉云台山典型喀斯特土壤剖面为研究对象,运用野外定点采样和室内分析的方法,探讨了土壤理化性质与有机碳含量及其相互间的耦合关系,为贵州东部地区白云岩山地土壤提供地球化学新数据。结果表明:(1)三个剖面土壤p H值主要集中在7.50~8.00之间,呈碱性,为黑色、灰黑色土壤-棕壤-黄壤碱性石灰土,土壤质地为粉粘壤土。(2)土壤剖面有机碳含量具有高度变异性,整体上表现为从表土层到底层逐渐减少。植被、土壤理化性质和剖面成土演化对土壤有机碳含量有着重要影响。(3)土壤有机碳与土壤密度和p H值有明显的线性负相关性(R~2=0.62,0.21,n=32),与土壤有机氮呈极显著线性正相关(R~2=0.98,n=32);土壤有机碳与不同粒径组分相关性较弱,但相对而言与土壤黏粒相关性最大,成幂指数负相关(R~2=0.22)。土壤的理化性状在很大程度上影响着土壤有机碳的含量,而土壤有机碳含量的变化又对土壤理化性质有着重要的调节作用,二者相互联系,相互耦合,共同制约着喀斯特地区土壤生态系统的演化。     

聚硅酸金属盐复合絮凝剂形貌结构及性能研究

以硅酸钠、硫酸和硫酸盐为原料制备聚硅酸金属盐(PSMS)复合絮凝剂,通过红外光谱研究了金属元素与聚硅酸(PS)的相互作用情况,采用电子显微镜观察了PS、PSMS和相应简单金属盐(MS)的形貌,利用激光粒度分析仪分析了絮体粒径变化及破碎与恢复情况,并考察了PSMS在不同投加量下处理腐植酸模拟废水的效果。结果表明:PSMS的红外光谱图中有M—O—Si振动峰出现,扫描电镜显示PSMS的聚集单元表面异于PS的平滑,为细小不规整的晶体颗粒,并与相应硫酸盐(MS)形貌有一定关联。此外,无论是所形成絮体的粒径还是对腐植酸的去除效果,聚硅酸硫酸铝(PSAlS)和聚硅酸硫酸铁(PSFeS)均优于其它聚硅酸金属盐,PSFeS的絮体虽易破碎但破碎后恢复能力最好,且粒径最大而容易沉降。     

纳氏试剂比色法测定水体中氨氮常见问题与解决办法

纳氏试剂光度法是测定水中氨氮的国家标准方法,该法具有操作简单、灵敏的优点。但在实际工作中有许多因素影响纳氏试剂光度法对水中氨氮的测定结果,根据实际工作经验,对试剂等可能影响氨氮测定结果的有关因素及注意事项进行了研究和探讨,并提出了相应的解决方法。只要切实做好监测过程中的每一个环节,严格按照程序进行,就能保证纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮分析结果的准确性。     

硫酸铵细粒子对苯二次有机气溶胶光学特性的影响

苯系物光氧化产生的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)能够散射、吸收大气辐射,扰动区域气候变化.硫酸铵((NH₄)₂SO₄)是大气中常见的无机细粒子,其大的比表面积可作为半挥发性化合物凝结和反应中心,进而影响SOA的化学组分和光学特性.本文采用烟雾箱研究(NH₄)₂SO₄细粒子对苯SOA在200～600 nm范围内的平均质量吸收系数(mass absorption coefficient, MAC)的影响情况.实验结果表明,低浓度(小于100μg·m^-3)(NH₄)₂SO₄细粒子仅作为凝结核心,不会影响苯SOA的光学性质.高浓度(大于100μg·m^-3)(NH₄)₂SO₄细粒子对咪唑类吸光产物的形成有促进作用.苯SOA的MAC值随着(NH₄)₂SO     

某超临界汽轮机主汽阀杆断裂原因分析

目的 某热电厂超临界机组汽轮机发生主蒸汽阀阀杆(标称材质为22Cr12NiMoWV(C422)钢)断裂事故,对发电安全造成不良影响.为此,分析该阀杆断裂失效的原因,提出改进措施,以避免类似事故的发生.方法 从外观检查、成分测定、金相检验以及断口观察等方面入手,结合硬度和冲击性能测试,探讨阀杆断裂的主要原因.结果 该断裂...     

Motivating children's cooperation to conserve forests

Forests are essential common-pool resources. Understanding children's and adolescents’ motivations for conservation is critical to improving conservation education. In 2 experiments, we investigated 1086 school-aged children and adolescents (6–16 years old) from the United States, China, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Testing participants in groups, we assessed their motivation for conservation based on collective-risk common-pool goods games in which they were threatened with losing their endowment unless the group donation exceeded a threshold needed to maintain the forest. Extrinsic motivations, rather than intrinsic, tended to lead to successful cooperation to maintain a forest. Certainty of losing individual payoffs significantly boosted successful cooperative conservation efforts across cultures (success rates were 90.63% and 74.19% in the 2 risk-extrinsic conditions, and 43.75% in the control condition). In U.S. participants, 2 extrinsic incentives, priming discussions of the value of forests and delay of payoffs as punishment, also increased success of cooperative conservation (success rates were 97.22% and 76.92% in the 2 extrinsic-incentive conditions, and 29.19% and 30.77% in the 2 control conditions). Conservation simulations, like those we used, may allow educators to encourage forest protection by leading groups to experience successful cooperation and the extrinsic incentives needed to motivate forest conservation.