单甲脒农药对模型池塘生态系统藻类群落结构的影响

在１．５－５０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的浓度范围内，单甲脒农药对模型池塘生态系统中的浮游植物群落结构有明显影响。尤其在加药的头４ｄ内，藻类种类、数量、多样性指数、种类数比及增长率明显下降，优势比显著上升，敏感种及清洁种减少甚至消失，高浓度（５０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）的单甲脒在２ｄ内可把藻类全部杀灭。随试验时间的延长，药物不断降解，６ｄ后藻类种类、数量、多样性指数又不断回升。随加药次数的增多，药物对藻类抑制作用明显减弱，藻类的种类、数量、多样性指数等指标不断上升，尤其是藻类数量增加明显，试验后期，藻类数量高低主要受Ｎ、Ｐ浓度大小的影响。     

关帝山八水沟天然植物群落时空梯度的数量分析

在ＤＣＡ排序的基础上，应用排序轴分类法对山西关帝山八水沟景观的天然植物群落进行了数量分类，共划分出７类，效果较好．多元线性回归结果表明ＤＣＡ排序轴与环境因子密切相关．方差分析与多重比较结果表明，结合ＤＣＡ第２与３排序轴的二维排序图反映了群落的时空变异，其中第２排序轴反映了群落在坡向与坡度方面的空间梯度，第３排序轴反映了群落的森林演替、灌丛发育以及各类群落的草本层发育的时间梯度     

南岳森林群落生物多样性研究(Ⅰ)广济寺森林群落学特征

根据我们对南岳广济寺森林群落的实地考察及其调查资料统计分析结果,发现该群落是一种尚未报道的新类型,即水丝梨+甜槠-尾叶山茶+花竹-蔓赤 车群丛(Association of Sycopsis sinensis+Castnopsis eyeri-Camellia caudata+Phyllostachys nidularia-Pellionia scabra)。该群落内有维管束植物69科116属149种;其属的区系是以热带性质成分为主,温带性质成分为辅,各占56.19％和43.81％;其种的区系成分以华夏、东亚、中国-日本和华东至华中等四种类型为主,同时本群落具有明显的华东至华中过渡交迭性质。在群落中木本植物和草本植物各占71.14％和28.86％,草本植物中的多年生和一年生类型各占22.82％和6.04％。本群落可以明显划分为乔、灌、草三个层次,每个层次又可以进一步划分为三个亚层。这一群落是中亚热带东部典型常绿阔叶林北部植被地理亚带中的常绿阔叶林,在演替过程中,群落仍将保持以水丝梨为优势种的常绿阔叶林,但其亚优势种——甜槠将可能会被多脉青冈、中华石楠、长叶石栎取代。     

Using the expert model PERPEST to translate measured and predicted pesticide exposure data into ecological risks

An important topic in the registration of pesticides and the interpretation of monitoring data is the estimation of the consequences of a certain concentration of a pesticide for the ecology of aquatic ecosystems. Solving these problems requires predictions of the expected response of the ecosystem to chemical stress. Up until now, a dominant approach to come up with such a prediction is the use of simulation models or safety factors. The disadvantage of the use of safety factors is a crude method that does not provide any insight into the concentration–response relationships at the ecosystem level. On the other hand, simulation models also have serious drawbacks like that they are often very complex, lack transparency, their implementation is expensive and there may be a compilation of errors, due to uncertainties in parameters and processes. In this paper, we present the expert model prediction of the ecological risks of pesticides (PERPEST) that overcomes these problems. It predicts the effects of a given concentration of a pesticide based on the outcome of already performed experiments using experimental ecosystems. This has the great advantage that the outcome is more realistic. The paper especially discusses how this model can be used to translate measured and predicted concentrations of pesticides into ecological risks, by taking data on measured and predicted concentrations of atrazine as an example. It is argued that this model can be of great use to evaluate the outcome of chemical monitoring programmes (e.g. performed in the light of the Water Framework Directive) and can even be used to evaluate the effects of mixtures.     

A botanical importance rating system for estuaries

In many semi-arid areas, estuaries are threatened because of freshwater impoundment. Estuaries are important sites for ecological diversity and, increasingly, for recreation. A system has been developed which rates estuaries according to their botanical importance. A formula allows a single numerical importance score to be calculated. The area cover of each estuarine plant community type (i.e. intertidal salt marsh, submerged macrophytes, reed/sedge swamps and supratidal salt marsh) and its importance in the estuary forms the basis of the score. The ‘ecological condition’ of the plant community and the community richness within the estuary are incorporated into the formula. The formula is effective in determining the botanical importance of estuaries. Further methods to determine the zoological, physical and socio-economic importance of estuaries need to be developed to allow the overall importance of estuaries to be determined.     

围栏禁牧对川西北亚高山高寒草甸群落结构的影响

围栏禁牧4a后,与放牧草地相比较:1)围栏草地物种数量有所下降,群落内出现物种27种,而长期放牧草地为33种.2)围栏草地物种平均高度较高,为20.23cm,群落分层现象明显;放牧草地物种平均高度仅为8.14cm,群落无分层现象.3)围栏草地内,杂草类的盖度(98%)大于禾草类的盖度(14%);放牧草地上,杂草类的盖度(53%)小于禾草类的盖度(56%)。4)围栏草地以禾草为主的优良牧草的生产能力(35.24g/m2)低于放牧草地的生产能力(75.47g/m2).5)围栏草地的地上生物量(272.64g/m2)和地下0～30cm生物量(801.61g/m3)都高于放牧草地的地上生物量(184.84g/m2)和地下0～30cm生物量(683.82g/m3).研究结果表明,围栏草地具有比放牧草地更复杂的群落结构,但其物种组成和优良牧草的生产能力,都低于放牧草地.     

中亚热带丝栗栲次生林群落高度级结构分析

以高度级为参考坐标，应用衡量优势种群及群落结构动态的失稳率、群落垂直空间的分享度、α—多样性及群落高度级梯度β—多样性等指标对中亚热带丝栗栲次生林群落高度级结构特征及其动态进行分析评价。结果表明：丝栗栲群落及其优势种群个体数、群落物种数和种对级的分享度随高度级增加都呈下降趋势；各高度级物种数和个体数呈明显的正相关关系；级间失稳率显示，群落在第2、3、6、7高度级呈增长趋势，第4、5高度级呈衰退趋势，群落整体具有增长性结构；群落随高度级形成丰富度指数(dMa)、Shannon—Wiener指数(H)逐渐降低，均匀度指数(J)先增后减的变化趋势；随高度级梯度的增加，群落相邻高度级间Whittaker指数(βw)呈上升趋势，而Mofisita—Horn指数(CMH)呈不规则地跳跃式变化，表现了共有种在群落不同高度级的数量差异。图3表2参15。     

快速PFU微型生物群落毒性试验法对铜、铅、砷联合毒性的研究

采用快速PFU微型生物群落毒性试验法对铜、铅、砷的联合毒性进行了研究 ,并用相加指数法评价其联合效应 .结果表明 ,Cu(Ⅱ )与Pb (Ⅱ ) ,Cu(Ⅱ )与As(Ⅴ )的联合毒性为协同作用 ;Pb(Ⅱ )与As(Ⅴ )的联合毒性为相加作用     

Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTI_SD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTI_SD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTI_SD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming.     

岷江上游林草交错带祁连山圆柏群落的物种多样性及乔木种群的分布格局

应用5种多样性指数对祁连山圆柏群落的物种多样性进行了研究，并采用相邻格子样方法测定了乔木种群及其各立木级的分布格局．结果表明，灌木层的物种多样性偏低，而草本层多样性较高，群落总的物种多样性(以丰富度表示)较高．群落总的物种多样性较高是由于较低的灌木层多样性与较高的草本层多样性综合作用的结果，与放牧影响、阳坡的干燥环境有关，可能是林草交错区固有的特点．乔木种群的分布格局呈现出集群分布，但在其发育过程中显示了动态变化的特征，即在幼苗和小树阶段为集群分布，到了大树阶段转变为随机分布或均匀分布．表6参32