氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能及微生物群落的影响

为探析氨氮（TAN）对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能及微生物群落的影响,在串联批次实验中引入氨氮胁迫,结合Miseq高通量测序分析,研究了不同TAN浓度下厌氧消化系统的过程参数响应以及微生物群落动态.结果显示,随TAN增加,甲烷回收率从（96.53±2.66）%下降至（63.13±0.73）%,消化时间从435h延长至915h,连续驯化下,TAN为3000mg/L的实验组产气性能完全恢复,而高氨氮实验组（TAN³6000mg/L）仍处于抑制状态.相较于乙酸代谢而言,长链挥发性脂肪酸（LCVFAs）代谢对TAN的耐受度更高（6000mg/L）,但一旦被抑制,其功能难以通过驯化恢复.从微生物层面上看,高丰度且功能冗余的水解酸化细菌保证了各TAN梯度下的水解酸化作用;氨氮敏感的Methanosaeta和Methanospirillum也能通过驯化被耐氨的Methanosarcina和Methanoculleus取代,从而维持系统产甲烷功能;相比之下,产氢产乙酸菌功能高度专一,仅C₄~C₁₈降解菌Syntrophomonas和丙酸降解菌Pelotomaculum被检测到,在连续的高氨氮暴露下,前者的丰度虽有一定程度的恢复,但后者未能被驯化,最终系统出现以丙酸为主的LCVFAs积累,产气性能恶化.可见, LCVFAs的互营降解才是氨抑制失稳的关键环节.     

The impact of UV treatment on microbial control and DBPs formation in full-scale drinking water systems in northern China

To manage potential microbial risks and meet increasingly strict drinking water health standards, UV treatment has attracted increasing attention for use in drinking water systems in China. However, the effects of UV treatment on microbial control and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation in real municipal drinking water systems are poorly understood. Here, we collected water samples from three real drinking water systems in Beijing and Tianjin to investigate the impacts of UV treatment on microbial control and DBP formation. We employed heterotrophic plate count (HPC), flow cytometry (FCM), quantitative PCR analysis, and high-throughput sequencing to measure microorganisms in the samples. Different trends were observed between HPC and total cell count (measured by FCM), indicating that a single indicator could not reflect the real degree of biological re-growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). A significant increase in the 16S rRNA gene concentration was observed when the UV system was stopped. Besides, the bacterial community composition was similar at the phylum level but differed markedly at the genera level among the three DWDSs. Some chlorine-resistant bacteria, including potential pathogens (e.g., Acinetobacter) showed a high relative abundance when the UV system was turned off. It can be concluded that UV treatment can mitigate microbial re-growth to some extent. Finally, UV treatment had a limited influence on the formation of DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and nitrogenated DBPs. The findings of this study may help to understand the performance of UV treatment in real drinking water systems.     

Characteristics of sewer biofilms in aerobic rural small diameter gravity sewers

Small diameter gravity sewers(SDGS) are extensively used to collect rural sewage as they are low in cost and quick to construct.However,the characteristics of biofilms in rural SDGS are still not clear.In this study,biofilms characteristics of aerobic rural SDGS were investigated using simulations in a lab under different flow conditions and slopes.Results indic ated that the average thickness of aerobic rural SDGS biofilms was in the range of 350-650 μm,decreasing at locations with variable flow and high slopes.Protein was the most abundant substance in extracellular polymeric substance of SDGS biofilms.The most abundant bacteria,Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,and Bacteroidetes,and functional bacteria showed different distributions when analyzed through Illumina HiSeq sequencing of 16 S rRNA.The relative abundances of denitrifying bacteria,nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,and sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) were lower during variable flow than during stable flow.High slopes(15‰) decreased SRB presence,which could be used to mitigate H_2 S accumulation in aerobic SDGS.Overall,this study describes the characteristics of aerobic rural SDGS biofilms and provides valuable suggestions for the optimal design of SDGS based on these characteristics.     

Linkage between water soluble organic matter and bacterial community in sediment from a shallow, eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

Lacustrine sediment played important roles in migration and transformation of its water soluble organic matter (WSOM), and the source and composition of WSOM would affect water trophic status and the fate of pollutants. However, we know little about the pathway of WSOM transformation and its driving bacterial communities in lacustrine sediment. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution patterns of sediment WSOM and its fluorescent fractions across Lake Chaohu using fluorescence spectroscopy, and explored WSOM compositional structure through our proposed calculated ratios. In addition, we also analyzed sediment bacterial community using Illumina sequencing technology, and probed the possible pathway of sediment WSOM transformation under the mediate of indigenous bacteria. Our results showed that the inflowing rivers affected the spatial distribution patterns of WSOM and its five fractions (including tyrosine-, tryptophan-, fulvic acid-, humic acid-like substances and soluble microbial productions), and sediment WSOM originated from fresh algae detritus or bacterial sources. In parallel, we also found that Proteobacteria (mainly γ-Proteobacteria and δ-Proteobacteria), Firmicutes (mainly Bacilli), Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes and Actinobacteria dominate sediment bacterial community. Furthermore, these dominant bacteria triggered sediment WSOM transformation, specifically, the humic acid-like substances could be converted into fulvic acid-like substances, and further degraded into aromatic protein-like and SMP substances. In addition, our proposed ratios (P-L:H-L, Ar-P:SMP and H-L ratio), as supplementary tool, were effective to reveal WSOM composition structure. These results figured out possible pathway of WSOM transformation, and revealed its microbial mechanism in lacustrine sediment.     

不同替代修复年限对飞机草种群和本土植物群落结构的影响

为研究替代修复对飞机草的治理效果以及对本地植物群落结构的修复效应,选择修复3、5、10 a和未修复（CK）的飞机草入侵生境为研究对象,调查飞机草密度、盖度、生物量、基径和本土植物群落的物种多样性、盖度等指标,采用“空间代替时间”的方法,分析不同修复年限飞机草种群特征和本地植物群落结构的变化.结果表明:①随着修复年限的增加,飞机草密度、盖度、基径、生物量等指标均呈显著降低趋势;修复10 a后,飞机草的盖度、密度、生物量、基径相比对照分别降低了97.3%、96.5%、98.6%、85.7%,飞机草入侵得到明显控制.②在植被替代修复过程中,飞机草入侵生境的群落结构得到明显改善,草本层物种多样性呈先升后降再升的趋势,草本层盖度在修复3 a后显著升高随后又显著降低,灌木层和乔木层物种多样性和盖度均呈显著增加趋势.研究显示,替代修复能有效治理飞机草入侵,促进植物群落的正向演替,提高本地植物群落结构的稳定性,增强生态系统对外来物种入侵的抵抗力.      

黄土区侵蚀坡面土壤微生物群落功能多样性研究

为研究不同有机碳水平下坡面土壤侵蚀对微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以黄土区典型侵蚀坡面为对象,通过Biolog-Eco方法测定了高、低2个有机碳水平坡面沉积区、侵蚀区和对照区3个不同部位的土壤微生物活性、碳源利用能力和微生物群落功能多样性.结果表明：1）高碳水平下3个部位的微生物活性和碳源利用能力均显著高于低碳水平;2）在不同侵蚀部位上,沉积区微生物活性高于侵蚀区,在低碳水平下,沉积区微生物碳源利用能力显著大于侵蚀区（P<0.05）,但在高碳水平下沉积区与侵蚀区无显著差异;3）在6类碳源中,微生物对氨基酸类、酯类的利用率最高,对醇类、胺类的利用率较低,从31种碳源中提取的主成分1和主成分2分别可解释变量方差的53.8%和11.9%,对主成分1起分异作用的主要是氨基酸类和酯类碳源;对主成分2起分异作用的主要为糖类和酸类碳源.4）高碳水平下3个部位微生物群落的Shannon指数、丰富度指数和McIntosh指数均显著大于低碳水平（P<0.05）,但不同部位间的土壤微生物群落多样性指数并无明显差异.侵蚀对微生物群落功能多样性的影响主要表现在有机碳水平决定的微生物活性差别上,不同部位微生物的碳源利用能力在有机碳水平较低时差异显著,有机碳水平较高时则没有明显差别.     

饮用水常规处理工艺中细菌群落的时空分布

为弄清饮用水常规处理工艺过程中细菌群落的时空分布和动态变化规律,以我国南方某市一常规处理工艺水厂为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对夏季和冬季原水、沉后水、滤后水、出厂水和滤砂生物膜等细菌群落进行解析.结果表明,出厂水pH值、浊度、COD_Mn、菌落总数等指标均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）的要求.夏季细菌多样性明显高于冬季,混凝沉淀和消毒是影响细菌群落多样性和组成的主要工艺单元.细菌群落组成呈现一定的季节性变化,水样中优势菌门主要包括变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）等,在滤砂生物膜样品中,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）亦占绝对优势.在属水平上,检测到的条件致病菌属包括弧形菌属（Vibrio）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）.水温和溶解氧是影响细菌群落的主要水质参数.     

典型稻田土壤真菌群落结构及多样性对比

为了解中国主要稻作区内不同母质发育的稻田土壤真菌群落结构和多样性差异,本研究选取由砖红壤、红壤、盐碱土、黑土和紫色土发育而来的5种中国典型稻田土壤为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术对土壤真菌群落组成及多样性进行对比分析.结果表明：5种典型稻田土壤的含水量、pH值、盐度及容重差异显著（P<0.05）;从Chao1指数来看,稻田土壤真菌群落丰度红壤型 > 黑土型 > 砖红壤型 > 紫色土型 > 盐碱土型.从ACE指数来看,群落丰度黑土型 > 红壤型 > 砖红壤型 > 紫色土型 > 盐碱土型.Shannon指数和Simpson指数均表现为群落多样性黑土型 > 紫色土型 > 红壤型 > 砖红壤型 > 盐碱土型;5种典型稻田土壤真菌门水平相对丰度最高的均是子囊菌门（Ascomycota）;砖红壤型和红壤型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为翅孢壳属（Emericellopsis）,紫色土型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为翅孢壳属、枝鼻菌属（Cladorrhinum）和柄孢壳属（Zopfiella）,黑土型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为翅孢壳属和明梭孢属（Monographella）,盐碱土型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为瓶头霉属（Phialocephala）;石黄衣属（Xanthoria）、Cyberlindnera、青霉菌属（Penicillium）和Westerdykella的相对丰度与土壤pH值呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,Ceroophora的相对丰度与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;帚枝霉属（Sarocladium）的相对丰度与可溶性有机碳呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.以上研究表明,稻田真菌的群落结构和多样性受稻田开垦前土壤类型的影响,真菌物种丰度和优势菌种类型对土壤理化性质变化的响应较为敏感.     

污水生物处理工艺低温下微生物种群结构

构建有针对性的运行控制策略是我国城市污水生物处理工艺冬季低水温条件下高效稳定运行的重要保证.以我国北方低温期（8~15℃）稳定运行的4个典型污水生物处理工艺为对象,利用高通量测序方法系统解析了活性污泥中的微生物群落及碳、氮、磷去除等关键功能种群结构,阐明了重要功能种群在低温影响下的动态变化及与污染物去除性能间关系,为控制策略的有效建立提供了坚实的科学数据基础.尽管存在着不同工艺形式,但结果表明低温期活性污泥均具有较为良好的种群丰富度,其中放线菌门（Actinobacteria）在低温期优势地位提升;关键功能种群中硝化种属Nitrosomonas受温度影响较大,而作为核心种群的反硝化种属则因分布广泛及多样性高,整体丰度受温度变化影响较小,工艺的反硝化性能仅与回流比具有相关性;Tetrasphaera在4个工艺中广泛存在但仅在厌氧/好氧交替条件下承担主要除磷功能;低温下4个工艺中多种丝状菌优势生长并诱发污泥膨胀,但对出水水质影响较小.     

袁河流域不同土地利用方式下河流浮游细菌群落结构特征

于2018年8月采集袁河上游至下游的16个采样点表层水样,基于高通量测序技术分析土地利用方式下河流浮游细菌群落特征并对比土地利用与水化学指标对浮游细菌群落的影响差异.结果表明：①袁河优势浮游细菌群落为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,35.17%）,放线菌门（Actinobacteria,33.99%）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,17.59%）,其中Bacteroidetes丰度随流向显著降低;②受农田和建设用地增加的影响,袁河上、下游河段细菌群落多样性均随流向呈升高趋势;中游河段浮游细菌群落多样性由于湖库滞留作用明显下降;③水域和林地是土地利用方式中最佳组合因子,土地利用方式显著影响浮游细菌群落,两者相关系数为0.4797,土地利用方式对浮游细菌群落的方差解释量为31.3%;④土地利用方式对浮游细菌群落的影响大小与水化学指标相近,同时存在土地利用方式与水化学的交叉影响（方差解释量为10.9%）,表明在袁河浮游细菌群落的形成中,质量效应与物种分选机制并存.本研究表明,在河流浮游细菌研究中要重视流域土地利用方式造成的外源细菌输入差异,以及土地利用方式输入的不同水化学成分对浮游细菌的分选作用.