Establishing the Canadian Community Monitoring Network

Community-based ecosystem monitoring activities in Canada are increasing in response to a number of factors including: (i) the needs of decision-makers for timely information on local environmental changes; (ii) limited use of government monitoring data and information by decision makers; (iii) government cuts to monitoring programs; (iv) the increasingly recognized need to include stakeholders in planning and management processes; and (v) the desire of citizens to contribute to environmental protection. To date there has been no network coordination of community based monitoring in Canada. This paper reports on the establishment of the Canadian Community Monitoring Network by Environment Canada's Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network Coordinating Office and the Canadian Nature Federation. Information on research prepared in support of network establishment is presented along with a discussion of the potential of the network.     

Comparative Studies on the Usefulness of Seven Ecological Indices for the Marine Coastal Monitoring Close to the Shore on the Swedish East Coast

The simultaneous behaviour of seven ecological indices(Hurlberts, Margalefs, Menhinicks, Shannons,species number, Jaccards and saprobic index) wasstudied based on phytoplankton data close to the shoreon the East coast of Sweden during the summer 1998.The sampling stations had a similar eutrophicationlevel and were located in bays. Standard phytoplanktondatabases were used in calculating the indices, whichwere later compared using cluster analysis.Hurlberts, Margalefs, Menhinicks, Shannons andspecies number indices, as measure of communitydiversity, produced similar trends which oftendiffered from those based on Jaccards index ofsimilarity. However, the simultaneous use of theseindices was found meaningful as a possible part of themonitoring close to the shore. The application of asaprobic index lead to erroneous conclusions in thestudied case.     

Connecting Community Action and Science to Combat Desertification: Evaluation of a Process

Combating desertification requires the involvement of many people ranging from communities who experience the effects on a daily basis and scientists attempting to understand the biophysical and socio-economic causes and consequences of desertification, to developers and policy makers on all levels. In many instances, however, the understanding, approaches and actions of these different groups contradict rather than support one another. Over the period 2000 to 2002, a conference process undertaken in southern Africa brought together communities, scientists, and development workers to test the concept that they could connect and work together to combat desertification, given an appropriate framework. The conference was a success, and communities, scientists and developers did exchange experience, knowledge and information. Many lessons were learned, although some pitfalls were experienced. Time, funding, enhanced communication, and good will are the primary ingredients for ensuring that different sectors complement one another in their efforts to combat desertification.     

Toward Sustainable Management of National Parks in Japan: Securing Local Community and Stakeholder Participation

Japan’s national park system constitutes a potentially viable mechanism for securing local community participation and building stakeholder consensus for sustainable park management, although the potential of this system is yet to be fully maximized. This article gives an overview of the system of protecting natural resources in Japan, focusing on the national park system. Parks are managed by zoning and regulation, which is unique in that land is not “set aside” for nature conservation, but designated as national park wherever the need to preserve “scenic beauty” has been recognized, regardless of land ownership or land use. Although resource conservation under this system has been problematic, it has advantages, especially in terms of community participation. This article demonstrates that in order to reach the system’s potential, the park authority must act as coordinator of stakeholders and facilitator of bottom-up approaches to decision-making. In order to do this, steps that must be taken include the following: identifying the various stakeholders in park management and defining the “local community”; clarifying the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder; and supporting consensus-building among stakeholders regarding the objectives and long-term vision of each park. By taking these steps, it would be possible to build a park management system that overrides government boundaries and involves local communities. This will enable the park authority to address the challenges facing Japan’s complex system of conserving natural resources, and move towards sustainable management of natural resources in Japan.     

Bacterioplankton Community Structure and Dynamics in Enclosures During Bioremediation Experiments in an Acid Mining Lake

In an acid mining lake (pH 2.6) enclosure experiments wereperformed with the addition of different concentrations oforganic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. SSCP-communityfingerprints, based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons, were performed tomonitor changes in the structure of the total bacterialcommunity and the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in themesocosms. Total bacterial cell counts, as assessed byepifluorescence microscopy, were increased in the mesocosmsamended with organic carbon. The addition of carbon alsoincreased the number of abundant bacterial taxa substantiallyalong depth. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) could be detected inall enclosures and all parts of the water column. These SRBbelonged to genus Desulfobacter as indicated bycoroborating molecular data.     

北运河京津冀段河道浮游微生物群落多样性变化分析

再生水在缓解城市水资源短缺方面发挥重要作用,但再生水中痕量污染物质与病原体对受纳水体中浮游微生物群落产生影响.基于OTUs和门水平的片段数量和片段丰度的浮游微生物数据矩阵探究北运河京津冀河道微生物群落多样性空间变化机制,结果表明,再生水的频繁汇入引起的物理和化学扰动改变了水体的水文和水质,使浮游微生物群落沿地理尺度分为...     

氰戊菊酯和锐劲特对原生动物群落的联合毒性试验研究

氰戊菊酯和锐劲特两种农药被广泛用于茶树、果树、水稻、蔬菜等的病虫害防治,它们同时出现在同一环境中的机会非常多,但有关两种农药对生态系统的复合毒性效应却未见有研究报道.与单种生物毒性试验相比,群落级生物毒性试验对毒物胁迫的反映更具环境真实性.以PFU在天然淡水中采集到的原生动物群落为靶生物,研究了氰戊菊酯和锐劲特2种农药对淡水原生动物群落的毒性效应,对于水生生态环境的保护有特殊的意义.研究结果表明,2种农药单独存在时对原生动物群落的48h半数致死浓度分别为15 93mg·L-1和35 83mg·L-1;2种物质以等毒性比(单一LC50的比值)混和,进行联合毒性试验研究,用Marking相加指数法进行评价,其AI值为0 9,表现为协同作用.氰戊菊酯和锐劲特进入水环境后,将使水环境中原生动物群落的结构和组成发生变化,原生动物种类数减少,群落结构变得简单.在所有种类中,纤毛虫受损最大,水生生态系统的物质循环和能量流动将会受到一定程度的影响.     

银川市典型湖泊沉积物细菌群落结构及其对重金属的响应关系

湖泊湿地是极其重要而又特殊的生态系统,在区域水资源调蓄、环境保护和生物多样性维持等方面具有重要意义.沉积物细菌是湖泊生态系统重要的组成部分,是湖泊生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力.为探明银川市典型湖泊沉积物细菌的群落结构及其影响因素,选取银川市3个典型湖泊（阅海湖、鸣翠湖和犀牛湖）为研究对象,于2021年1月、4月、7月和10月采集表层沉积物,应用16S rDNA高通量测序技术研究沉积物细菌群落组成,并探究其与重金属之间的响应关系.结果表明,银川市3个典型湖泊沉积物重金属生态危害系数远小于40,生态危害指数远小于150,危害程度均为生态轻微危害.3个湖泊的细菌群落多样性无显著差异,但各湖泊不同季节多样性有显著变化,群落组成也存在显著差异.阅海湖、鸣翠湖和犀牛湖的优势种菌门（相对丰度排名前3）均为：变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,优势下级阶元为γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）和δ-变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）.银川市典型湖泊门水平分类上出现的主要差异物种为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）.阅海湖沉积物细菌群落结构与Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、As和Pb显著相关,鸣翠湖沉积物细菌群落结构与Fe、Pb和Cr显著相关,犀牛湖沉积物细菌群落结构与重金属相关关系不显著.沉积物重金属的种类和含量对银川市阅海湖和鸣翠湖沉积物细菌群落结构有显著影响,是引起湖泊沉积物细菌群落结构变化的重要环境因子.     

宏基因组揭示紫色土中邻苯二甲酸酯去除的微生物学机制

邻苯二甲酸酯具有内分泌干扰特性,在环境中持久存在,其去除机制备受关注.为探究邻苯二甲酸酯在紫色农田土壤中的去除机制、关键微生物及功能基因,以邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）为目标污染物,分别设置含量为0、5、10和20 mg·kg^-1的单一污染土壤,避光培养90 d,利用宏基因组技术探究其去除的微生物生态学机制.结果表明,DBP和DEHP在土壤中的降解动态均符合一级动力学降解模型,半衰期介于17.0~38.2 d之间,5 mg·kg^-1的DBP降解速率最快,依次快于10 mg·kg^-1的DEHP、5 mg·kg^-1的DBP、5 mg·kg^-1的DEHP以及20 mg·kg^-1的DBP和DEHP.第7 d和15 d的土壤样品间细菌群落结构存在显著差异,放线菌门相对丰度随时间不断提升,且与DBP或DEHP半衰期呈反比.物种共现网络分析筛选出变形菌门的Pandoraea属为群落中的关键物种,可以用来指示DBP和DEHP污染程度.KEGG功能注释结果表明,Pandoraea在群落中负责酯键水解、苯甲酸降解、群体感应、ABC转运和双组分系统等功能,可以促进邻苯二甲酸酯上下游降解、细胞通讯和其它降解菌的生长繁殖,以此维持群落结构的稳定.由此可见,紫色土中,DBP和DEHP的去除效率取决于初始含量和自身性质,放线菌门的细菌在降解中扮演重要角色,Pandoraea在促进邻苯二甲酸酯降解和调节降解菌群结构和功能的稳定中均发挥关键作用.     

渤海海域夏季大型底栖动物群落特征

根据2017年渤海海域47个站位大型底栖动物的调查资料,对该海域大型底栖动物进行了群落特征分析。调查共采集到大型底栖动物107种,研究海域大型底栖动物的平均密度为82 个/m²。优势种类分别为彩虹明樱蛤、不倒翁虫、长叶索沙蚕。聚类结果显示,渤海海域大致可按地理位置分为4个群落。与历史数据的对比显示,传统的较大个体的底栖种类,如棘皮动物、双壳类,已经被更小个体的多毛类、软体动物所取代,底栖动物的种类结构表现出了小型化的特征,这与近年来渤海海域底栖动物研究结果一致。研究表明,近年来受人类活动影响,渤海海域大型底栖动物群落结构已经发生了变化。