污染源废水中砷的测定

采用二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银光度法和原子荧光法对污染源废水中的砷进行比对监测分析,认为对于砷含量较高的污染源废水,经典测定方法二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银光度法的准确度更高。     

Using Multiple Watershed Models to Predict Water,Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Discharges to the Patuxent Estuary1

Boomer, Kathleen M.B., Donald E. Weller, Thomas E. Jordan, Lewis Linker, Zhi‐Jun Liu, James Reilly, Gary Shenk, and Alexey A. Voinov, 2012. Using Multiple Watershed Models to Predict Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Discharges to the Patuxent Estuary. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00689.x Abstract: We analyzed an ensemble of watershed models that predict flow, nitrogen, and phosphorus discharges. The models differed in scope and complexity and used different input data, but all had been applied to evaluate human impacts on discharges to the Patuxent River or to the Chesapeake Bay. We compared predictions to observations of average annual, annual time series, and monthly discharge leaving three basins. No model consistently matched observed discharges better than the others, and predictions differed as much as 150% for every basin. Models that agreed best with the observations in one basin often were among the worst models for another material or basin. Combining model predictions into a model average improved overall reliability in matching observations, and the range of predictions helped describe uncertainty. The model average was not the closest to the observed discharge for every material, basin, and time frame, but the model average had the highest Nash–Sutcliffe performance across all combinations. Consistently poor performance in predicting phosphorus loads suggests that none of the models capture major controls. Differences among model predictions came from differences in model structures, input data, and the time period considered, and also to errors in the observed discharge. Ensemble watershed modeling helped identify research needs and quantify the uncertainties that should be considered when using the models in management decisions.     

京津冀与长三角区域大气NO2污染特征

基于地面监测及遥感反演数据,研究了京津冀与长三角区域大气NO2污染特征,并进行了对比分析.从2005～2011年的平均近地面质量浓度和垂直柱浓度来看,京津冀与长三角中心城市大气NO2基本处于同一污染水平;其区域背景站的NO2浓度也差异不大,且与两大区域过渡地带的合肥市大致相同.区域NO2高浓度中心夏季较为分散,秋冬季高浓度范围明显扩大,冬季全部连为一片.近年来随着中心城区污染企业的外迁,北京、上海等城市核心区NO2近地面污染有所缓解,但区域背景站NO2近地面浓度和垂直柱浓度都有所升高,京津冀与长三角NO2整体污染水平形势依旧严峻.从区域分布看,北京、上海等城市NO2浓度较高,NO2柱浓度高出区域背景的50%左右,大约是欧亚大陆背景水平的3倍;近地面NO2浓度地域差异更大,北京、上海等中心城市NO2近地面质量浓度是城市清洁区的2倍,是区域背景的10倍以上,达欧亚大陆背景站瓦里关的上千倍.北京奥运及上海世博等大型活动之前及期间大气污染集中整治效果较为明显,但活动结束后,城市大气NO2污染都出现反弹.结果表明,区域空气质量的持续改善需要区域内各省市常抓不懈的联防联控,仅靠短期内运动式的污染治理难以从根本上解决大气环境问题.     

应用藻类生长潜力试验的方法研究滇池藻类生长的控制因子

采用滇池不同湖区的湖水进行藻类生长潜力试验(AGP试验),研究了稳定环境下,氮、磷两种可控的水华诱导因素对滇池铜绿微囊藻生长潜力的影响.结果表明,滇池各个湖区藻类生长的主要控制因子并不一致,北部与西部湖区,磷是两湖区藻类生长的主要限制性营养物质;湖心与南部湖区,磷和氮都是蓝藻生长的主要控制因子,但它们单独作用都不能有效促进铜绿微囊藻的生长.实验N/P(质量比)在4～20之间,这一范围内N/P对滇池铜绿微囊藻生长没有显著影响.     

思小高速公路高填深挖改桥隧方案的环境影响分析

结合思茅一小勐养高速公路沿线具体的自然环境，通过分析高填深挖路段的具体情况，对公路选线过程中遇到的高填深挖与桥梁、隧道方案的比选从生态设计的理念方面进行了具体的环境影响分析。得出该公路的高填深挖改桥梁、隧道方案能够有效地减小公路建设对西双版纳热带雨林区的牛态环境影响，较好的与周围的环境协调，与自然景观融为一体。     

Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in peroxynitrite/Fe(Ⅲ) porphyrin system

The peroxynitrite/porphyrin biomimetic system was established to investigate the effects of peroxynitrite on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolism. Through the comparison of three model systems consisting of different iron porphyrins, we found that the peroxynitrite/T(p-Cl)PPFeCl system showed the highest catalytic efficiency in the metabolism of B[a]P. We analyzed the B[a]P metabolites produced from this system by RP-HPLC method and firstly identified the formation of nitrobenzo[a]pyrenes which are the special metabolites of B[a]P induced by peroxynitrite.     

青海湖流域土地利用/覆被变化研究

研究青海湖流域的土地利用/覆被变化,对识别流域人类活动特征和分析区域生态环境演化规律及其成因具有重要意义。文章以1977~2004年4期遥感影像数据为基础,采用土地利用转移矩阵、动态度、利用程度等方法,研究了青海湖流域1977年以来的土地利用变化特征及其空间分异规律。研究结果表明:①近年来流域内生态用地数量逐渐减少,其中水域面积净减少292.70km²;②对草地的开垦占用是流域增加耕地的主要来源,1977~2004年因湖泊水位下降而增加的沙地面积为103.22km²;③1977年以来,流域内除2000~2004年水域面积减少速率显著上升达0.71％外,其他主要类型土地面积变化速率不断减缓;④流域内沙地主要分布在海晏县(70％以上),90％的林地和95％以上的耕地均分布在刚察、共和两县,各县土地利用结构变化特征存在差异;⑤土地利用程度综合指数平均值为186.47,明显低于其他地区,说明人类活动对流域土地利用变化影响较小,区域生态环境问题的研究应当更加注重自然因素的驱动作用。     

中美欧燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准的比较

科学制定污染物排放标准是治理环境污染问题的重要措施之一,欧美等发达国家分别制定了适合本国国情的污染物排放标准,并进行了多次修订。为借鉴欧美等发达国家在电力行业污染物控制的成功经验和科学制定我国火电大气污染物排放标准,对比分析了中美欧等国家燃煤电厂大气污染物SO2,NOx和颗粒物排放控制历程,当前中美欧现行燃煤电厂排放标准和控制技术水平及我国火电污染物控制现状,提出了科学制定我国燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准的建议。     

铝合金杯形件反挤压力计算方法的评比

通过对铝合金杯形件反挤压力计算方法的评比 ,得到了其在不同变形程度下较接近于实测值的计算方法用以估算挤压力。经验证 ,所得结论是较可靠的 ,可用于指导生产实践。对于其它挤压条件 (不同挤压方式 ,挤压材料等 )下的同种问题 ,可以参照这种研究方法得出相应结论     

Alga-lysing bioreactor and the dominant bacteria strain

Alga-lysing bacteria have been paid much attention to in recent years. In this study, the alga-lysing strain P05 which was isolated from an immobilizing biosystem was immobilized by coke and elastic filler, forming two biological reactors. The removal efficiencies of algae, NH3-N and organic matter using the two reactors were studied. The results showed that strain P05 was an ideal algal-lysing bacteria strain because it was easy to be immobilized by coke and elastic filler which are of cheap, low biodegradability and the simple immobilization procedure. After 7 d filming, the biological film could be formed and the reactors were used to treat the eutrophic water. These two reactors were of stability and high effect with low cost and easy operation. The optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each reactor was 4 h. The algae removal rates were 80.38% and 82.1% (in term of Chl-a) of coke reactor and filler reactor, respectively. And that of NH3-N were 52.3% and 52.7%. The removal rates of CODMn were 39.03% and 39.64%. The strain P05 was identified as Bacillus sp. by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and comparison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database.