土壤中总汞的不同测定方法对比分析研究

对土壤中总汞的两种不同测定方法进行了对比分析.通过方法检出限、精密度、准确度和加标回收率的对比,结果表明,水浴消解-原子荧光光谱法检出限为2.1 ng/g,精密度为2.52～4.63％,加标回收率介于94％～ 104％;汞分析仪直接测定法检出限为0.08 ng/g,精密度为2.89～ 5.61％,加标回收率介于90％～102％.相比水浴消解-原子荧光法,直接测定法操作更加简单、便捷,而且无繁琐的前处理环节,适于大批量土壤中总汞的分析测定,是一个比较理想的分析方法.     

北黄海丹东近岸海域水质状况、富营养化与浮游藻类生物多样性对比分析研究

利用海水水质单因子判别法、富营养化指数法和浮游藻类生物多样性指数法从不同角度对近3年北黄海丹东近岸海域的水质状况、富营养化状况和生境质量状况进行对比评价和分析.结果表明:以理化指标为评价因子的水质状况与富营养化状况评价结果在四类和二类功能区水体中一致性均较好;以生物指标为评价因子的生物多样性指数评价同水质状况和富营养化评价结果在四类功能区水体中的一致性较好,而在二类功能区水体中一致性较差.     

环境空气PM2.5连续监测系统手工采样比对测试

借鉴美国EPA关于PM2.5连续监测仪器手工采样比对测试的性能指标和检测方法,结合我国现行的相关技术规范,选取两种不同原理4种型号典型的进口和国产环境空气PM2.5连续自动监测系统,分别在春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节开展了PM2.5连续自动监测与手工采样测量(重量法)之间的比对测试.研究确定了符合我国环境质量现状和环境监测管理需求的PM2.5连续监测系统与手工采样比对测试(调试)的质控措施要求(手工采样测量结果平行性≤5μg·m-3或5%)和技术指标要求(线性回归方程斜率1±0.15;截距0±10;相关系数≥0.95)以及相应的操作方法,为我国环境空气PM2.5连续自动监测系统的现场有效使用和数据质量保证提供了必要的技术手段和质控方法.     

海南岛生态环境质量分析评价

运用遥感和地理信息系统等技术 ,按照景观生态学的原理 ,对海南生态环境现状进行了评价 ,并对近十年来的变化进行了对比分析。结果表明 ,海南生态环境质量由中部向外依次降低 ,天然林从数量上看面积在减少 ,从空间上看沿着边缘线向中部山区退缩。另外 ,土地沙化 /土地退化在向着恢复逆转的方向发展。     

Genotoxicity of water from the Songhua River, China, in 1994-1995 and 2002-2003: Potential risks for human health

A previous study showed that the cancer mortalities are higher for residents who lived nearby the Songhua River heavily polluted by organic contamination. It is important to determine its risk of carcinogenic potential. Short-term genotoxic bio-assays using Salmonella, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), and Micronuclei (MN) assays were employed to examine the genotoxic activity of ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. The results of the Salmonella bioassay indicated that there were indirect frame-shift mutagens in the water samples. A dose-response relationship for the SCE and MN assays was obtained. These results showed that organic extracts of water samples have genotoxic activity and the risk of carcinogenic potential to human health. The mutagenesis of water samples had changed compared to the results in 1994-1995. An increasing trend of risk of carcinogenic potential in the Songhua River after ten years should be noted and needs to be studied further.     

我国城市人居环境改善与能源消费关系研究

随着我国经济建设水平和综合国力的提高,近20年来人居环境的改善有目共睹。但与此同时能源消耗和温室气体排放增加是个不容回避的问题。本文选择城市人均住宅建筑面积、人均拥有道路面积、人均公园绿地面积三个指标反映我国城市人居环境质量,研究了我国城市人居环境改善和能源消费之间的变化关系。通过与发达国家的对比,发现我国人居环境建设并没有像发达国家那样带来人均生活能源消费的同幅增长,而是出现了"喇叭口"现象,两个指标之间最大相差2.4倍,但也存在一个适度的节能居住条件,中国目前已经偏离了这个最优点并处于耗能的上升期。德国与我国类似,在户均住房面积和人均能源消费量之间也存在一种类似U型曲线关系,但上升阶段明显比我国更陡。虽然与德国、日本、美国相比我国在人均能源消费上最少,但从总量和长期趋势来看,中国仍面临着重重挑战,必须通过使用节能技术和新能源来降低能耗、减少二氧化碳排放,营造节能又宜居的城市人居环境。     

湿法烟气脱硫系统中碳酸盐含量测定方法

分析了石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫系统中碳酸盐含量的两种测定方法,并对各测定方法的优、缺点和适用范围进行了比较。     

重钢焦化废水新系统纯氧曝气技术的应用研究

重钢焦化厂与国内某企业合作,在不改变现有污水处理厂设施的前提下,用GWQ潜水式射流喷嘴扩散器和相应的供氧系统代替现有空气曝气系统,以考察现有污水处理新系统在采用纯氧曝气情况下的潜能,即考察采用纯氧曝气后承受高负荷和冲击负荷的能力.     

Philopatry, male presence and grooming reciprocation among female primates: a comparative perspective

Competition for food and a safe location in a group are considered to be the main determinants of variation in social relationships among female primates. The effect of the presence of males is usually overlooked, however. Here we put forward two hypotheses connecting the (relative) number of males in a group, a statistic measuring the strength of positive relationships among females (the degree of reciprocity of grooming) and female residence. Under the first hypothesis, we assumed that philopatric females suffer especially from competition for males. Because females of these species are restrained to their native group and thus do not move to groups where better conditions (i.e. more males) prevail, a higher socionomic sex ratio would imply reduced competition and this should be reflected in better relationships among females (i.e. in a higher degree of reciprocation). The second hypothesis is based on the contention of Wrangham (1987) that groups with more males are better able to defend large food sources: in these groups female relationships would suffer less from within-group competition for food. We therefore also expected a positive correlation between the absolute number of males and grooming reciprocation. To test the hypotheses, matrices of grooming interactions were collected by going through the primatological literature. For ten female-resident and four female-transfer primate species, the degree of grooming reciprocation was quantified using a specially adapted matrix statistic. The results favoured the first (competition for males) hypothesis. The degree of grooming reciprocation among females was positively correlated with socionomic sex ratio, but neither with group size nor with the absolute number of males. Correlations between the degree of reciprocity and sex ratio were confirmed at three levels: within the same group at different points in time, between groups of the same species, and between species. In addition, the degree of reciprocation increased with sex ratio more strongly in typical single/variable male than in multi-male species. This we interpreted as a direct consequence of the lower social availability of males for females in multi-male groups than single-male groups. In turn, this effect may be due to males competing for females in multi-male groups. Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 9 November 1997     

环境空气质量国家标准的演变与比较

环境空气质量标准是进行环境空气质量监测、评价和管理的重要规范。研究了环境空气质量国家标准的形成、现状与发展,重点分析了环境空气质量标准的演变内容和背景依据及新标准与典型发达国家或组织标准的差异。结果表明,环境空气质量国家标准的污染物项目、标准形式不断更新完善,浓度阈值更加严格,标准修订的依据和程序更加科学完善。虽然在某些方面仍与其他发达国家标准有一定差距,但总体来说,新标准的建立以及实施有助于我国建立更加完善的环境空气质量管理体系。