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51.
论我国大西北自然资源的开发战略及对策 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文论述了开发我国西北地区自然资源的目的和意义。重点对具有全国经济意义的4大类自然资源开发的态势和经济发展状况进行了分析。提出了本区自然资源开发的战略目标、战略重点和战略对策。旨在尽早加快开发大西北的自然资源,平衡布局全国的生产力,为大西北资源产区的核心地位奠定基础,发挥地区优势,积极促进西部经济增长点的发育。 相似文献
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政策环评对决策科学化和民主化具有重要意义,我国2014年修订的《环境保护法》也为开展政策环评提供了一定法律依据。然而,由于我国政治体制和决策模式与西方国家明显不同,政策环评不能照搬国外模式,必须基于自身国情探索中国模式。为此,本文对国际上比较有代表性的政策环评实践进行了总结,对我国开展政策环评的必要性进行了分析,并探讨了我国开展政策环评需要考虑的关键问题,包括政策环评的目的、对象、重点和程序等。具体而言,对于实施政策环评的目的,可表述为健全决策机制、促进环境公平和凝聚社会共识三个方面;对于评价对象,在广义上可包含目前环境影响评价法尚未覆盖的所有高层次决策,在狭义上可将政府部门制定的行政法规、规章和规范性文件等作为重点;对于评价重点,建议整合"以影响为核心"的战略环评和"以制度为核心"的战略环评两种类型的优点,兼顾影响评价和制度评价;对于评价程序,政策环评应基于完全理性决策模式,与政策过程充分融合,在不同阶段分别发挥不同作用。 相似文献
54.
《2030年可持续发展议程》已经形成了社会、经济与环境三大支柱的格局.根据进程追踪的方法,本文通过回顾环境进入《2030年可持续发展议程》目标的过程,着重分析环境目标未来15年将对全球与中国环境治理产生的重要影响.在全球环境治理层面的基本结论是:①全球环境治理体系的重要性将显著上升.②新型伙伴关系将强化环境非政府组织与市民社会的作用.③未来全球环境治理将形成以数据和指标为驱动的特点.④联合国系统内环境机构的作用将进一步强化,联合国环境署的发展受到关注.⑤环境与气候变化中的资金融资与技术转让渠道将进一步多元化.⑥气候变化问题与其他环境问题将在全球和国家层面深度融合.对中国环境治理的积极影响,体现在:①《2030年可持续发展议程》将为中国经济的转型升级和可持续发展提供新的强大动力,并形成倒逼机制;②将显著提升中国公众的环保意识;③为中国在全球治理中发挥关键性作用提供了难得的着力点;④将使中国的区域合作更加“绿色化”.当然,在新常态的经济形势下,全球可持续发展的环境目标也使得中国环境治理的压力与责任不断增加.同时,《2030年可持续发展议程》也存在一系列问题与不足之处:①目标过多且模糊不清,实现难度大.②当前所罗列的一些目标间可能包含潜在的冲突,需要进一步的研究与论证.③环境目标缺乏量化的标准.尽管如此,就环境目标而言,《2030年可持续发展议程》比千年发展目标更加综合、全面和系统,是当今国际社会应对环境问题集体努力的成果,必须高度重视与研究. 相似文献
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就环评报告书如何根据环境管理的要求和项目的特点,对所确定污染物总量控制目标的合理性,从多方面进行了验证。 相似文献
57.
We integrated basic concepts from fisheries science and toxicological risk assessment to form a potential method for setting
screening-level, risk-based, site-specific water quality objectives for temperature. In summary, the proposed approach: (a)
uses temperature impacts upon specific growth as a measure of chronic (cumulative) temperature effects; (b) explicitly incorporates
the consequences of both magnitude and cumulative duration of exposures; (c) adjusts the result for local watershed conditions,
reducing the likelihood that naturally warm systems are identified as thermally polluted while helping to ensure that naturally
cool systems are closely monitored for ecologically harmful changes in thermal regime; and (d) expresses the net result both
graphically and as a risk quotient, RQ, closely analogous to that used in toxicological risk assessments. The latter yields a site-specific, risk-based water quality
objective and may serve as a straightforward decision rule for environmental managers. The method was applied to historical
data from a small British Columbia stream subject to increasing urban development pressures. We also illustrate how the technique
might be used to explore potential climatic change impacts, using coupled general circulation model predictions in conjunction
with empirical downscaling. Overall, the method and results are presented as an introduction and illustration of concept,
intended as a step toward the development of a logistically feasible risk-based approach to establishing screening-level,
site-specific water temperature objectives, and monitoring compliance, in the context of large-scale, many-site, environmental
monitoring networks. With further work, the technique offers potential to fill the gap between the temperature threshold-based
targets typically specified in regulatory guidelines, which may be hydroecologically unrealistic, and detailed biophysical
modelling, which typically is logistically infeasible in a day-to-day environmental monitoring and management context. 相似文献
58.
This article proposes to analyze the quantitative effects of a gradual physical and “social” exhaustion of a landfill site on an equilibrium waste management service. A gradual social exhaustion of a landfill is defined here as an upward shift of a “subjective factor” associated with the amount of waste, based on the plausible hypothesis that an individual will not accept excessive presence of landfilled waste. Physical exhaustion occurs when the absolute capacity of a landfill site decreases. The paper shows some numerical examples using specific functions and parameters, and proposes appropriate directions for three policy objectives: to decrease the equilibrium waste disposal, to increase the economic surplus of the individual and/or the waste management firm, and to lower the equilibrium collection fee. 相似文献
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60.
Ralph L. Keeney Timothy L. McDaniels Vicky L. Ridge-Cooney 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(2):293-303
ABSTRACT: This paper uses the fundamental values of decision makers to guide a long-term wastewater planning process at Seattle Metro, a major utility district. Multiattribute value assessment is used to elicit the objectives of several elected officials and other key decision makers. The results are structured into a fundamental objectives hierarchy and a means-ends objectives network. A set of measures to indicate the performance of planning alternatives in terms of the fundamental objectives is developed. Preliminary value tradeoffs between objectives are elicited from several elected officials. The results of these steps are useful for many aspects of long-term planning: facilitating communication about values and priorities; designing attractive alternatives that are more likely to serve stakeholder interests; identifying information needed to evaluate alternatives; clarifying the relative importance of information about different impacts; providing a basis for quantitative evaluation of the alternatives with multiple objective analysis; and focusing attention on key tradeoffs that will affect the choice of alternatives. 相似文献