全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2848篇 |
免费 | 602篇 |
国内免费 | 470篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 1290篇 |
废物处理 | 61篇 |
环保管理 | 530篇 |
综合类 | 1334篇 |
基础理论 | 163篇 |
污染及防治 | 182篇 |
评价与监测 | 75篇 |
社会与环境 | 95篇 |
灾害及防治 | 190篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 19篇 |
2023年 | 72篇 |
2022年 | 134篇 |
2021年 | 165篇 |
2020年 | 158篇 |
2019年 | 165篇 |
2018年 | 127篇 |
2017年 | 152篇 |
2016年 | 198篇 |
2015年 | 202篇 |
2014年 | 146篇 |
2013年 | 178篇 |
2012年 | 260篇 |
2011年 | 212篇 |
2010年 | 172篇 |
2009年 | 164篇 |
2008年 | 116篇 |
2007年 | 189篇 |
2006年 | 169篇 |
2005年 | 116篇 |
2004年 | 87篇 |
2003年 | 98篇 |
2002年 | 84篇 |
2001年 | 75篇 |
2000年 | 63篇 |
1999年 | 42篇 |
1998年 | 38篇 |
1997年 | 31篇 |
1996年 | 25篇 |
1995年 | 29篇 |
1994年 | 33篇 |
1993年 | 20篇 |
1992年 | 16篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 11篇 |
1971年 | 9篇 |
1970年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有3920条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
81.
We examined the principal effects of different information network topologies for local adaptive management of natural resources.
We used computerized agents with adaptive decision algorithms with the following three fundamental constraints: (1) Complete
understanding of the processes maintaining the natural resource can never be achieved, (2) agents can only learn by experimentation
and information sharing, and (3) memory is limited. The agents were given the task to manage a system that had two states:
one that provided high utility returns (desired) and one that provided low returns (undesired). In addition, the threshold
between the states was close to the optimal return of the desired state. We found that networks of low to moderate link densities
significantly increased the resilience of the utility returns. Networks of high link densities contributed to highly synchronized
behavior among the agents, which caused occasional large-scale ecological crises between periods of stable and high utility
returns. A constructed network involving a small set of experimenting agents was capable of combining high utility returns
with high resilience, conforming to theories underlying the concept of adaptive comanagement. We conclude that (1) the ability
to manage for resilience (i.e., to stay clear of the threshold leading to the undesired state as well as the ability to re-enter
the desired state following a collapse) resides in the network structure and (2) in a coupled social–ecological system, the
systemwide state transition occurs not because the ecological system flips into the undesired state, but because managers
lose their capacity to reorganize back to the desired state.
An erratum to this article can be found at . 相似文献
82.
煤矿发生火灾后会生成大量有毒气体并产生火风压,烟气在火灾动力的影响下出现状态紊乱,研究煤矿火灾烟气流动传播过程对控制火情有着重要意义。基于国内外研究现状,对燃烧及风流特点进行分析,建立了煤矿火灾烟气流动数学模型,并利用CFD软件进行仿真。研究表明:无通风工况下的烟气为对称流动;随着风速增加,出口处温度降低,烟气向风流入口处的流速减小。 相似文献
83.
Reverse logistics (RL) has been applied in many industries and sectors since its conception. Unlike forward logistics, retracing consumer goods from the point of consumption to the point of inception is not a well-studied process. It involves many uncertainties such as time, quality and quantity of returns. The returned products can be remanufactured, have parts harvested, or be disposed safely. It is important to implement these activities in a cost-effective manner. The aim of this research is to measure the performance of the RL enterprise with the help of an agent-based simulation model. The major entities in the RL network are considered as Agents that can act independently. There are several different agents: collector agent, sorting-cum-reuse agent, remanufacturing agent, recycler agent, supplier agent and distributor agent. The individual performances of the agents are measured and recommendations are given to improve their performance, leading to the enhancement of the total performance of the RL enterprise. The approach is applied to a case study involving cell phone remanufacturing. 相似文献
84.
Understanding risks from the human-mediated spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) is a critical component of marine biosecurity management programmes. Recreational boating is well-recognised as a NIS pathway, especially at a regional scale. Assessment of risks from this pathway is therefore desirable for coastal environments where recreational boating occurs. However, formal or quantitative risk assessment for the recreational vessel pathway is often hampered by lack of data, hence often relies on expert opinion. The use of expert opinion itself is sometimes limited by its inherent vagueness, which can be an important source of uncertainty that reduces the validity and applicability of the assessment. Fuzzy logic, specifically interval type-2 fuzzy logic, is able to model and propagate this type of uncertainty, and is a useful technique in risk assessment where expert opinion is relied upon. The present paper describes the implementation of a NIS fuzzy expert system (FES) for assessing the risk of invasion in marine environments via recreational vessels. The FES was based on expert opinion gathered through systematic elicitation exercises, designed to acknowledge important uncertainty sources (e.g., underspecificity and ambiguity). The FES, using interval type-2 fuzzy logic, calculated an invasion risk value (integrating NIS infection and detection probabilities) for a range of invasion scenarios. These scenarios were defined by all possible combinations of two vessel types (moored and trailered), five vessel components (hull, deck, internal spaces, anchor, fishing gear), two infection modes (fouling, water/sediment retention) and six frequently visited marine habitats (marina, mooring, farm, ramp, wharf, anchorage). Although invasion risk values determined using the FES approach was scenario-specific, general patterns were identified. Moored vessels consistently showed higher invasion risk values than trailered vessels. Invasion risk values were higher for anchorages, moorings and wharves. Similarly, hull-fouling was revealed as the highest infection risk mode after pooling results across all habitats. The NIS fuzzy expert system presented here appears as a valuable prioritising and decision-making tool for NIS research, prevention and control activities. Its easy implementation and wide applicability should encourage the development and application of this type of system as an integral part of biosecurity, and other environmental management plans. 相似文献
85.
误食土壤是污染物(如多溴联苯醚)人体(主要是儿童)暴露的重要途径,人体消化道内污染物吸收的生物可给性是针对此种暴露方式进行定量风险评估的有效途径之一.本研究采用体外消化实验模拟3种不同有机碳含量的天然土壤中典型多溴联苯醚(BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153)在胃和小肠消化液中的释放,验证部分消化释放的多溴联苯醚因消化残留固相表面的再吸附造成低估实际生物可给性,并通过不同水土比的拟合计算予以校正.结果表明,校正后的消化率普遍高于校正前;就不同土样而言,BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153在不同初始暴露浓度条件下平均提升比例范围分别为14.3%~42.3%、11.1%~32.1%、4.9%~12.3%和0.0%~7.7%.因此,未经校正的消化率会显著低估PBDEs消化道内的生物可给性,尤其是低溴代组分及PBDEs初始浓度较高或高TOC含量的土样.校正后BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153的消化率分别维持在21.9%~54.7%、18.8%~43.1%、13.4%~27.2%和9.3%~19.9%.此外,PBDEs的消化率与其辛醇-水分配系数的对数lg KOW呈显著负相关;而与土壤TOC含量及PBDEs初始暴露浓度的相关性并不显著,尤其是高溴代组分. 相似文献
86.
Mitigation of eutrophication, intensified by excessive nutrient load discharge in wastewaters regulated by restrictive legal requirements, remains one of today’s most important global problems. Despite implementation of the Water Framework Directive, the Urban Wastewater Directive and the HELCOM recommendations, the actual condition of surface water is still not satisfactory. In response to the above, the study presents an alternative approach for surface water protection against eutrophication based on the selection of appropriate nutrient removal technologies. An activated sludge model simulation was used to enable the identification of environmentally justified nutrient removal systems with lowest eutrophication potential of treated wastewater conditioned by bioavailable nutrient forms content. Based on the outcome of the study, the 3-stage Bardenpho system was identified as the most efficient for bioavailable phosphorus removal, while the Johannesburg system proved to have the highest efficiency for bioavailable nitrogen removal. The proposed eutrophication mitigation approach underlines the need for a reconsideration of current legal regulations which ignore nutrient bioavailability and key eutrophication limiting factors. 相似文献
87.
近年来,燃煤电厂烟塔合一烟气排烟对近距离环境影响的不确定性,使其在国内的推广过程受到一定限制。准确判断烟塔合一排烟的环境影响,对于我国现有燃煤电厂烟气污染物的排放有着巨大的工程价值和明显的现实意义。利用国家环境保护某重点实验室中风洞试验平台,对燃煤电厂烟塔合一烟气污染物在近距离的扩散和传输行为,进行物理风洞试验以及数值模拟计算,并进行对比分析。结果表明:德国Austal2000模式的浓度预测并不精确;数值风洞也有其差异性,而物理风洞的结果在很大程度上符合现有的理论及国内工程实际。 相似文献
88.
89.
CGS(CO2地质储存)是CO2减排的重要手段之一,天然裂隙的存在则是CGS的潜在风险.CO2地质储存过程中储层上覆盖层及其浅部含水层是防止CO2泄漏的天然屏障,为了探究深部咸水层中CO2沿断层的泄漏过程并获得断层渗透率及储层中超临界CO2流体初始条件(初始饱和度、初始泄漏压力)对CO2沿断层泄漏速率和泄漏量的影响程度,依据鄂尔多斯CO2灌注工程示范区资料,使用多相、多组分溶质运移数值模拟软件TOUGH2建立了2D概念模型.结果表明,深部咸水层中的CO2在压力差和浓度差的作用下沿断层发生泄漏,到达浅部含水层后开始发生侧向运移,100 a内运移了约200 m的水平距离;由于浮力的作用,CO2集中在含水层顶板处,有效地防止了CO2向外泄漏.影响因素分析表明,100 a内断层渗透性能为低渗、中渗和高渗条件时,CO2累积泄漏量分别为0、1 050和3 000 t;CO2初始饱和度分别为0.20、0.50和0.99时,CO2累积泄漏量分别为550、1 050和1 650 t;初始泄漏压力分别为17.3、17.6和18.1 MPa时,CO2累积泄漏量则分别为900、1 050和1 400 t.除此之外,断层渗透性、CO2初始气体饱和度和初始泄漏压力对CO2泄漏的影响还体现在泄漏发生时间和平均泄漏速率上.研究显示,各因素对CO2沿断层泄漏过程的影响程度表现为断层渗透性能> CO2初始饱和度> CO2初始泄漏压力. 相似文献
90.
HSPF水文水质模型应用研究综述 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13
HSPF(Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran)模型采用FORTRAN语言编写,以Stanford水文模型为基础,能够综合模拟径流、土壤流失、污染物传输、河道水力等过程,并大量应用于气候变化与土地利用变化的流域水环境效应情景模拟.该模型是半分布式水文水质模型的优秀代表,在国外得到广泛的应用.HSPF模型包括PERLND、IMPLND与RCHRES等3个主要模块,分别实现对透水地段、不透水地段与地表水体的水文水质模拟.总体来看,HSPF模型在国外水文、水质过程模拟,以及涉及气候变化和土地利用影响的情景分析中发挥重要作用,但是国内该模型的应用非常有限.HSPF模型存在的主要问题包括:①模型中某些方案和算法还有改进和完善的空间;②模型对数据输入要求较高,模拟的精度受到空间和属性等数据的限制;③模型只限于均匀混合的河流、水库和一维水体模拟,对于复杂流域或水体的模拟研究,需要与其它模型整合以解决更加综合的问题.目前,针对发展与完善HSPF模型的研究仍在继续,包括模型平台开发、模型功能扩展、模型校正方法研究、参数敏感性研究等方面.随着我国基础数据的积累及共享程度的提高,HSPF模型在我国的应用也将更加广泛. 相似文献