EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

不同改良剂对黔西北锌冶炼区农用地土壤重金属修复效果研究

为研究不同改良剂对土壤重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn)的修复效果,以黔西北锌冶炼区农用地土壤为研究对象,分别将不同比例(1%、2%、5%)的海泡石(H)、石灰(S)和蚯蚓粪(Q)施加于锌冶炼区重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn)复合污染农用地土壤,稳定陈化75 d后,分析土壤理化性质(pH、EC、含水率)、有机质、有效态养分(N、P、K)、重金属有效态含量变化特征。结果表明,与对照相比,除低添加量的海泡石处理(H1%)略微降低土壤pH外,海泡石和石灰处理均提高了土壤pH,而添加蚯蚓粪处理则降低土壤pH。除石灰处理分别降低土壤有机质和碱解氮含量外,海泡石和蚯蚓粪均可有效提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,其中蚯蚓粪和石灰处理分别对土壤碱解氮和有效磷的增加效果最为明显,分别增加了36.53%～72.34%和67.96%～144.01%。与对照相比,添加石灰明显降低了土壤中DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Pb和DTPA-Zn含量,分别降低了16.94%～29.87%、8.26%～20.46%、27.91%～51.02%。添加蚯蚓粪则总体上增加土壤中DTPA提取态重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn)...     

微生物群落驱动AM真菌、生物炭及联合改良沙化土壤作用潜力

沙化土壤作为土地荒漠化的重要过渡形式,实现其有效恢复对减缓土地荒漠化进程意义重大.本研究显示,丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌和生物炭已应用于沙化土壤改良过程,但二者联合对沙化土壤改良影响研究较少;此外,细菌和真菌群落在沙化土壤改良过程中的作用尚不清楚.采用温室盆栽试验的方法,分别设置对照处理（CK）、单独接种AM真菌处理（RI）、单独施加生物炭处理（BC）和二者联合改良处理（BC_RI）,研究不同改良方式对小果白刺（Nitrariasi birica Pall.）菌根侵染率、生物量、矿质营养元素（N、P、K、Ca和Mg）含量及土壤有机碳、营养元素（全N、全P和全K）、水稳性团聚体组成影响.采用高通量测序技术,考察细菌和真菌群落在沙化土壤改良过程中的作用,结合多元分析手段,探究不同改良方式改良作用机制,旨在为合理有效改良沙化土壤提供基础数据和理论依据.结果表明,接种处理（RI和BC_RI）小果白刺根系均观察到明显的菌根侵染现象,但RI和BC_RI处理间菌根侵染率无显著性差异.与CK相比,RI处理显著增加了小果白刺地上部生物量和地上部N、K、Ca和Mg含量,BC和BC_RI处理显著增加了小果白刺地上部、根部生物量及N、P、K、Ca和Mg含量;BC_RI处理与RI和BC相比,根部生物量及P、K、Ca和Mg含量显著增加.与CK相比,BC和BC_RI处理显著增加了土壤有机碳含量,RI处理使得土壤全N含量显著增加了152.54%,BC处理使得土壤全P和全K含量分别显著降低了12.5%和18.18%.各处理0.25~0.05 mm粒径土壤团聚体比例最高,BC_RI处理能够显著促进大粒径（>0.25 mm）土壤团聚体形成.与CK相比,RI和BC_RI处理显著降低细菌、真菌群落Sobs指数和Shannon指数;各处理细菌及真菌菌门组成及丰度存在显著差异性.RDA及网络分析结果显示,AM真菌、生物炭及二者联合改良方式对土壤基质环境及土壤微生物群落结构影响显著,不同改良方式下微生物分子生态网络关系发生显著变化,不同改良处理中核心物种组成具有差异性;BC和BC_RI较RI处理,网络连接密集程度更高且核心物种组成更丰富;生物炭与AM真菌联合,弱化了Rhizophagus intraradices的核心作用,并增强其他微生物（特别是细菌菌种）的核心地位.SEM结果显示,AM真菌和生物炭施用通过直接影响土壤细菌和真菌群落结构,进而实现对植物生长及土壤性质变化的影响,微生物群落结构差异（特别是微生物间的互作关系变化）是导致土壤改良效果差异的主要驱动力.综上所述,不同改良方式对沙化土壤改良效果影响具有差异性,微生物群落在土壤改良过程中具有关键影响作用,AM真菌和生物炭联合对加速沙化土壤生态恢复具有潜在优势和应用价值.     

调理剂耦合水分管理对双季稻镉和铅累积的阻控效应

土壤重金属生物有效性和水稻自身的生理活动共同决定糙米的重金属累积.选取广州市郊一土壤镉(Cd)总量未超标但糙米Cd存在超标风险的稻田开展田间小区试验,以土壤重金属有效态和水稻生理阻隔为切入点,研究富硅调理剂(JD)、钙镁调理剂(YY)、富硅调理剂+淹水灌溉(JD+YS)和钙镁调理剂+淹水灌溉(YY+YS)处理对早、晚稻...     

浅层平铺炭质吸附剂治理多氯联苯污染底泥的有效性评价研究

以颗粒活性炭和粉末活性炭为修复剂,并对其表面性质进行了表征.同时,应用三维荧光光谱、半透膜被动采样装置(SPMDs)和低密度聚乙烯膜(LDPEs)被动采样3种方法评价其治理多氯联苯污染底泥的效果.三维荧光实验结果表明,到第3个月,底泥修复开始显现了比较明显的效果,溶解性污染物明显减少.SPMDs试验结果显示,颗粒活性炭和粉末活性炭修复的底泥在修复后的第5个月,其目标污染物PCB40被摄取量的减少率分别达到88%和70%,LDPEs相应结果达到了91%和83%.试验表明,炭质吸附剂浅层平铺修复污染底泥效果显著,且颗粒炭比粉末炭修复效果更好.     

改良剂连续施用对农田水稻Cd吸收的影响

通过连续2a田间试验,研究了在Cd重度污染土壤上施用有机肥、石灰、石灰与有机肥配施1a后,第2a连续施用和不再施用改良剂对稻田土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻Cd吸收的影响.结果表明,有机肥、石灰单施及石灰与有机肥配施均能显著提高稻田土壤pH值,降低土壤中有效态Cd含量和水稻各部位Cd含量,第1a有机肥、石灰、石灰与有机肥配施处理的糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低35.9%、69.2%和65.4%.与对照相比,第2a连续施用有机肥、石灰及石灰与有机肥配施处理下,稻田土壤pH值分别显著升高0.27、0.57和1.05个单位,土壤有效态Cd分别显著降低26.6%、29.7%和59.4%;糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低63.1%、79.5%和83.6%,其中,第2a连续石灰与有机肥配施处理下糙米中Cd含量为0.20mg/kg,达到《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2017）中糙米限量值.第2a不再施用有机肥、石灰及石灰与有机肥配施处理的糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低49.2%、69.7%和75.4%.双因素方差分析结果表明其值与连续施用改良剂的处理无显著性差异.上述结果表明,石灰与有机肥配施可有效降低污染稻田土壤中有效态Cd含量和水稻Cd含量,施加后一年内可不施或减少改良剂施用量.     

组配改良剂对污染稻田中铅、镉和砷生物有效性的影响

选取湖南某矿区重金属和砷复合污染稻田土,以盆栽实验研究了施用组配改良剂LMF(碳酸钙+偏高岭土+钙镁磷肥)对土壤中Pb、Cd和As的生物有效性和水稻糙米中Pb、Cd和As累积效应的影响.结果表明:施用LMF能显著增加供试土壤pH值、交换性盐基总量(TEB)和阳离子交换量(CEC),对盐基饱和度(BS)和有机质(OM)含量无显著影响.施用LMF能显著降低土壤中Pb、Cd的交换态和酸可提取态含量,以及降低Pb的TCLP提取态含量,对Cd的TCLP提取态含量无明显效果.LMF施用使土壤中As的交换态和TCLP提取态含量呈现先下降后上升的趋势,且均在施用量为2 g·kg-1时含量最低.随着LMF施用量的增加,水稻糙米中Pb、Cd的含量分别降低了8.44%~99.6%、27.5%~74.1%,而水稻糙米中As含量呈现出先下降后上升的趋势.除Cd的TCLP提取态和酸可提取态外,Pb、Cd和As的其它提取态含量与其在水稻糙米中的含量均呈现出显著正相关关系(p0.05或p0.01).     

Response of antioxidant enzymes in Nicotiana tabacum clones during phytoextraction of heavy metals

Background, aim, and scope  Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, is a widely used model plant for growth on heavy-metal-contaminated sites. Its high biomass and deep rooting system make it interesting for phytoextraction. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative activities and glutathione-dependent enzymes of different tobacco clones optimized for better Cd and Zn accumulation in order to characterize their performance in the field. Main features  The improved heavy metal resistance also makes the investigated tobacco clones interesting for understanding the plant defense enzyme system in general. Freshly harvested plant material (N. tabacum leaves) was used to investigate the antioxidative cascade in plants grown on heavy metal contaminated sites with and without amendments of different ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate fertilizers. Materials and methods  Plants were grown on heavily polluted soils in north-east Switzerland. Leaves were harvested at the field site and directly deep frozen in liquid N₂. Studies were concentrated on the antioxidative enzymes of the Halliwell–Asada cycle, and spectrophotometric measurements of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), glutathione peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) were performed. Results and discussion  We tried to explain the relationship between fertilizer amendments and the activity of the enzymatic defense systems. When tobacco (N. tabacum) plants originating from different mutants were grown under field conditions with varying fertilizer application, the uptake of cadmium and zinc from soil increased with increasing biomass. Depending on Cd and Zn uptake, several antioxidant enzymes showed significantly different activities. Whereas SOD and CAT were usually elevated, several other enzymes, and isoforms of GST were strongly inhibited. Conclusions  Heavy metal uptake represents severe stress to plants, and specific antioxidative enzymes are induced at the cost of more general reactions of the Halliwell–Asada cycle. In well-supplied plants, the glutathione level remains more or less unchanged. The lack of certain glutathione S-transferases upon exposure to heavy metals might be problematic in cases when organic pollutants coincide with heavy metal pollution. When planning phytoremediation of sites, mixed pollution scenarios have to be foreseen and plants should be selected according to both, their stress resistance and hyperaccumulative capacity.     

Enhanced remedial amendment delivery through fluid viscosity modifications: experiments and numerical simulations

Low-permeability zones are typically bypassed when remedial fluids are injected into subsurface heterogeneous aquifer systems. Therefore, contaminants in the bypassed areas may not be contacted by the amendments in the remedial fluid, which may significantly prolong remediation operations. Laboratory experiments and numerical studies have been conducted to investigate the use of a shear-thinning polymer (Xanthan gum) to improve access to low-permeability zones in heterogeneous systems. The chemicals sodium mono-phosphate and the surfactant MA-80 were used as the remedial amendments. The impact of polymer concentration, fluid injection rate, and permeability contrast in the heterogeneous systems has been studied in a series of eleven two-dimensional flow cell experiments. The Subsurface Transport over Multiple Phases (STOMP) simulator was modified to include polymer-induced shear-thinning effects. The experimental and simulation results clearly show that using the polymer leads to an enhanced delivery of remedial amendments to lower-permeability zones and an increased sweeping efficiency. An added benefit of using the polymer is the stabilization of the displacing front when density differences exist between displaced and displacing fluids. The modified STOMP simulator was able to predict the experimental observed fluid displacing behavior well and might be used to predict subsurface remediation performance when a shear-thinning fluid is used to remediate a heterogeneous system at larger scales.     

利用干法半干法烟气脱硫灰热分解钾长石的实验研究

探讨了目前干法半干法脱硫灰综合利用当中存在的诸多问题.提出了利用该类灰渣热分解钾长石矿,生产以钾、钙、硅和镁为主的土壤营养调节剂.并对最佳的物料配比、焙烧条件和助剂的种类及含量进行了实验研究,利用广州恒运集团公司产出的脱硫灰,在1 050℃下焙烧2 h,使烧成物在酸性条件下最大可溶K2O达6.49%、有效CaO达32.28%、SiO2达13.83%、MgO达1.68%.烧成物料的PH值为9.6,是一种安全、适用于偏酸性土壤使用的复合元素土壤营养调节剂.