Anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs in mangrove sediment with amendment of NaHCO3

Mangrove sediment is unique in chemical and biological properties. Many of them suffer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) contamination. However, the study on PAH biological remediation for mangrove sediment is deficient. Enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium and electron acceptor amendment are considered as two effective measures. Compared to other electron acceptors, the study on CO2, which is used by methanogens, is still seldom. This study investigated the effect of Na HCO3 amendment on the anaerobic biodegradation of four mixed PAHs, namely fluorene(Fl), phenanthrene(Phe),fluoranthene(Flua) and pyrene(Pyr), with or without enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium in mangrove sediment slurry. The trends of various parameters, including PAH concentrations, microbial population size, electron-transport system activities, electron acceptor and anaerobic gas production were monitored. The results revealed that the inoculation of enriched PAH-degrading consortium had a significant effect with half lives shortened by 7–13 days for 3-ring PAHs and 11–24 days for 4-ring PAHs. While Na HCO3 amendment did not have a significant effect on the biodegradation of PAHs and other parameters, except that CO2 gas in the headspace of experimental flasks was increased.One of the possible reasons is that mangrove sediment contains high concentrations of other electron acceptors which are easier to be utilized by anaerobic bacteria, the other one is that the anaerobes in mangrove sediment can produce enough CO2 gas even without adding Na HCO3.     

Use of Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals as amendments for enhancing the retention capacity of glyphosate in agricultural soils

Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), ubiquitous and non-hazardous by-products of drinking water purification, are cost-effective adsorbents for glyphosate. Given that repeated glyphosate applications could significantly decrease glyphosate retention by soils and that the adsorbed glyphosate is potentially mobile, high sorption capacity and stability of glyphosate in agricultural soils are needed to prevent pollution of water by glyphosate. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of reusing Fe/Al WTR as a soil amendment to enhance the retention capacity of glyphosate in two agricultural soils. The results of batch experiments showed that the Fe/Al WTR amendment significantly enhanced the glyphosate sorption capacity of both soils (p < 0.001). Up to 30% of the previously adsorbed glyphosate desorbed from the non-amended soils, and the Fe/Al WTR amendment effectively decreased the proportion of glyphosate desorbed. Fractionation analyses further demonstrated that glyphosate adsorbed to non-amended soils was primarily retained in the readily labile fraction (NaHCO₃-glyphosate). The WTR amendment significantly increased the relative proportion of the moderately labile fraction (HCl-glyphosate) and concomitantly reduced that of the NaHCO₃-glyphosate, hence reducing the potential for the release of soil-adsorbed glyphosate into the aqueous phase. Furthermore, Fe/Al WTR amendment minimized the inhibitory effect of increasing solution pH on glyphosate sorption by soils and mitigated the effects of increasing solution ionic strength. The present results indicate that Fe/Al WTR is suitable for use as a soil amendment to prevent glyphosate pollution of aquatic ecosystems by enhancing the glyphosate retention capacity in soils.     

组配改良剂对稻田土壤中镉铅形态及糙米中镉铅累积的影响

通过田间实验,研究了镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)复合污染稻田土壤中施加组配改良剂(LS,石灰石+海泡石)对黄华占和丰优9号2种水稻种植土壤中p H、Cd和Pb形态转化以及水稻糙米中Cd和Pb累积量的影响.结果表明,施加LS,通过提高2种水稻土壤的p H值,可以有效地改变土壤中Cd和Pb的存在形态,使土壤Cd和Pb由酸可提取态不同程度地转化为铁锰氧化态和有机结合态.LS施加量为2.0~8.0 g·kg-1时,使黄华占水稻土壤中Cd和Pb的酸可提取态含量分别降低19.6%~23.8%、7.7%~14.3%,丰优9号水稻土壤中Cd和Pb的酸可提取态含量分别降低7.6%~31.1%、11.7%~24.8%,且降低效果为CdPb.LS还能显著降低2种水稻糙米中Cd和Pb含量,LS施加量为2.0~8.0 g·kg-1时,黄华占和丰优9号2种水稻糙米中Cd含量分别降低了56.5%~67.2%、29.0%~38.7%,Pb含量分别降低了9.8%~34.2%、6.8%~45.4%,同种水稻Cd和Pb含量降低效果为CdPb.研究表明,土壤中Cd和Pb酸可提取态含量能很好地反映土壤中Cd和Pb的生物有效性和迁移性.     

Dissipation of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim antibiotics from manure-amended soils

In this study, the dissipation of two antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TRM), in three soils under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions are evaluated. Under aerobic conditions, SMX dissipated rapidly through biodegradation but TRM was more persistent. Within the first 20 days in biologically active soils, >50% of the SMX was lost from the clay loam and loamy sand soils, and >80% loss was noted in the loam soil. Anaerobic dissipation of both compounds was more rapid than aerobic dissipation. The addition of manure to the soil only slightly increased the initial dissipation rate of the two compounds. Little effect was found on glucose mineralisation in soil following the addition of SMX and TRM, even as mixtures at high concentrations.     

不同改良材料对紫色土吸附Cu2+的影响

为了探究不同改良材料添加对紫色土吸附Cu~(2+)的影响,将活性炭(C)、麦饭石(M)、硅藻土(D)、膨润土(B)和活性硅酸钙(S)5种改良材料分别以1%和2%(质量比)添加到紫色土(P)中,形成P-C_(1%)和P-C_(2%)(紫色土+1%和2%活性炭,下同)、P-M_(1%)和P-M_(2%)、P-D_(1%)和P-D_(2%)、P-B_(1%)和P-B_(2%)、P-S_(1%)和P-S_(2%)10种混合土样(P为对照)。批处理法研究不同混合土样对Cu~(2+)的等温吸附和热力学特征,并对比不同温度、pH和离子强度下的吸附差异。结果表明:(1)各供试混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,且最大吸附量q_m在65.02～131.34 mmol/kg之间。相同添加比例下,Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现出P-BP-DP-CP-SP-M的趋势,且2%添加时效果更佳。(2)温度从20℃增加至40℃时,除P-C以外,其余混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的升高而增加。热力学参数表明各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。(3)pH在3～5范围内,各供试混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随pH的升高而增大(P-S除外)。随着离子强度的增加,各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均表现出先增大后减少的趋势,以0.10 mol/L时最大。     

碱性改良剂对富铝化淋溶土酸缓冲性能影响研究

研究区２种酸缓冲能力较弱的富铝化酸性淋溶土施用不同剂量ＣａＣＯ３和电厂粉煤灰后，土壤ｐＨ值和酸化缓冲容量均有不同程度增高，施ＣａＣＯ３处理尤为显，表明土壤抗酸化性能有明显改善，实验结果同时表明，施用改良剂后，土壤胶体表面正电荷量减少，负电荷量增加，后对介中阴离子的斥力增大，故对酸雨中主成份离子－ＳＯ４＾２－的吸附量降低，虽然对其固定能力未明显减弱，但也说明将有较多的ＳＯ４＾２－在土体中移动和     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator, which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb. The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues. The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was: leaf > stem > root. The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied. The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application. Compared with CK (control check), EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant. The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23–680.56 mg/kg to 29.07–1905.57 mg/kg. This research demonstrated that B. maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil, especially, combination with EDTA.     

堆肥调理剂研究进展

调理剂是堆肥过程中的重要辅料。通过添加调理剂，可以改善堆肥物料的理化条件，达到好氧微生物对生长环境的要求。文章综述了堆肥调理剂的分类，讨论了它在堆肥工程中的作用，并对研究方向进行了探讨。大量研究表明，调理剂在堆肥过程中起到调节物料w（C）／w（N）比、含水率、堆体自由空域、减少堆体臭气、改善堆肥养分和调控重金属等作用。目前，调理剂的研究重点在于其在堆肥过程的作用，而对复合型调理剂的开发、调理剂的作用机理及其在工程中的应用等问题关注较少。     

不同堆制方法对牛粪和鸡粪发酵脱水的影响

以新鲜鸡、牛粪为材料 ,研究了不同堆制方法对粪便发酵温度与脱水率的影响。结果表明 :牛粪中添加 10 0g·kg-1的稻草在堆制开始 5d ,温度较高 ,但第 3 0天时脱水率反而低于添加 5 0g·kg-1稻草的处理 ;覆盖薄膜降低了粪便脱水速率 ;分批添加物料方法发酵 12d ,堆肥含水量由开始的 5 2 0g·kg-1下降到 5 0 3g·kg-1,而同期 1次添加物料方法发酵 ,堆肥水分含量为 5 5 4g·kg-1。     

四氧化三铁改性沸石改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附作用

研究了四氧化三铁(Fe_3O_4)改性沸石改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附特征,并通过形态分级提取法研究了改良底泥中Fe_3O_4改性沸石吸附磷后的形态分布特征.结果表明,与准一级和准二级动力学模型相比,Elovich模型更适合用于描述未改良和改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程.未改良和改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附实验数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevic模型进行描述.未改良和改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随着pH值的增加而下降,且水中共存的阳离子会促进底泥对磷酸盐的吸附,促进作用的大小排序为Ca~(2+) Mg~(2+) K~+,而水中共存的HCO_3~-会抑制底泥对磷酸盐的吸附.未改良和改良底泥吸附水中磷酸盐的机制包括静电吸引作用和配位体交换作用,而改良底泥中Fe_3O_4改性沸石则主要依靠配位体交换作用吸附去除水中的磷酸盐.改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力明显优于未改良底泥,并且前者的磷释放风险低于后者.改良底泥中Fe_3O_4改性沸石吸附磷酸盐后将近49. 4%的磷会以潜在可移动态磷形式存在,需要及时采用外加磁场作用将Fe_3O_4改性沸石从底泥中移出,以消除Fe_3O_4改性沸石上磷发生再次释放的风险.以上的研究结果初步显示,Fe_3O_4改性沸石适合作为一种底泥改良剂用于河道内源磷释放的控制.