火灾环境下多层建筑的人员疏散路径模型研究

针对公共路段人员交汇出现的疏散速度减缓问题,构建了一个多层建筑的人员疏散最优路径模型。该模型以优先满足疏散时间较长的楼层为前提,保证任意时刻任意路径的人员流量不为零,同时优先使最短路径达到人员流量饱和,在此基础上对其算法步骤进行了改进。最后结合实例进行验证,结果表明,本模型可以更加准确地预估疏散所需时间。     

Measurement Diagnostics by Analysis of Last Digits

Though measurement instruments and methods have their natural precision limits, long term monitoring, which is so importantfor environmental studies, requires to set up and maintaincertain standards regarding precision. The elementaryrequirement is to produce measurements with a prescribed numberof valid digits. If the technology further develops and allowsto increase the number of valid digits, the change should bedocumented. In this paper we discuss a simple procedure for validity assessment of the last digits of data in a data base.It may be useful for both calibration control of an instrumentas well as for preliminary data analysis in scientific studies.The procedure utilizes the assumption that, under normalconditions, the last digits of the observed data can usually beconsidered as uniformly distributed random numbers. Failures ordeliberate changes in the observation mechanism can be detectedif particular digits occur more frequently than the others. Thedecision about proper representations of the last digits is doneby means of the familiar chi-square statistics.     

Standardisation of Temperature Observed by Automatic Weather Stations

Daily mean, maximum and minimum surface airtemperature data were gathered from a network ofautomatic weather stations (AWS) within the Moor HouseNational Nature Reserve in northern England. Five AWSwere installed next to the official EnvironmentalChange Network weather station at Moor House. Datawere compared graphically and correction constantswere calculated to adjust data from each AWS to thestandard of the official station by optimising theconcordance correlation coefficient. Each correctedstation was re-located next to one of five in-situstations in and around the reserve, allowingcorrection of all temperature sensors to a commonstandard. The mean error associated with measureddaily mean, maximum and minimum temperature for eachsensor does not exceed ±0.2 K. The procedurequantifies a source of systematic measurement error,improving the identification of spatial temperaturedifferences between stations.     

改进GC/FID法连续观测大气中CO浓度

改进装配有氢火焰离子化检测器(即FID)的气相色谱仪(GC),可连续监测大气中痕量气体CO浓度.本系统采用单阀双柱反吹进样技术,优选前置柱能更有效地剔除杂质,提高了分析柱效率,保持色谱基线平稳,提高分辨率和定量分析的准确率.优化后的气路设计与色谱柱的改进,使GC/FID对CO的最低检出限达到10×10-9、精密度误差小于2%,准确度在±2%之内.将气相色谱与动态气体稀释仪耦合使系统能够自动进行工作曲线校准,系统自动采样、分析和标定,无需人员职守.对北京大气CO连续观测结果表明,北京大气CO浓度变化受气象要素与排放源双重控制.     

基于LS-DYNA的墙体抗燃气爆炸能力数值分析

目前国内外有关墙体防爆的研究多是针对恐怖袭击,且建模分析中多采用单向墙体,而对于民宅内燃气爆炸防护的研究很少。本文详细讨论了数值模拟的建模关键技术,在此基础上建立了墙体三维模型,采用具有民宅燃气爆炸特征的荷载曲线,对四边约束墙体的破坏模式、抗爆能力等进行了初步分析,并与单向墙体进行了比较。结果表明,墙体边界约束条件、厚度、砂浆强度、平面尺寸等因素均会对计算结果产生一定影响,其中前两者的影响效果较为显著。以此为基础提出的一些民宅防爆建议,可为结构防爆设计提供参考。     

电力供应系统地震安全性优化控制研究

在深入研究电力供应系统潮流分布特性、发电机出力和成本曲线特性、电力系统地震安全性分析与控制的基础上,将安全约束最优化控制算法运用于电力供应系统地震安全性控制中。通过对算法的网络线性分析模型、发电机出力约束条件、线路潮流约束条件和目标函数的深入研究,得出该算法的实施过程;而后,结合供电系统潮流分析的快速解耦法、安全性分析的灵敏度安全性分析法和本文的安全约束最优化控制算法,编写了相应的Fortran和Matlab计算程序,该程序能在较短的时间内计算出调度控制措施和调度费用;最后,通过一个实际算例的分析与计算,验证了该算法的实用性和优越性。本文工作可为震后供电系统功能快速恢复,减少供电系统经济损失,使系统功能得到最大发挥提供理论分析依据,具有很大的现实意义。     

可燃气体报警器快速校准装置的研究

针对石化企业中可燃气体报警器校准工作存在着校准周期长、维护困难、准确性不能保证的现状,提出了一种通过将高浓度可燃气体物质经过定量稀释配制成用于可燃气体报警器标定的多种浓度气体物质的方法,并设计了一种由两路流量检测与控制模块和一个监控单元构成的可燃气体报警器快速标定装置。叙述了可燃气体报警器快速标定装置的原理、元器件构成、设计结构、流量控制方法和防爆措施的实现。     

太湖流域水资源综合规划数模研究--水质模型的建立与率定

太湖流域水资源综合规划数模研究建立了一个覆盖全流域的，包括污染负荷模型、河网湖泊相耦合的水量水质模型的数字流域系统。该系统实现了流域的耦合求解，已在流域水资源规划中发挥了重要的作用。本文建宴了流域水质模型，并在水量模型率定的基础上进行了水质模型的率定。率定结果与实测数据吻合较好，相对误差多在30％之内，一定程度上反映了太湖流域的水质概况。     

速度场系数在烟气流速测定中的应用与研究

烟气流速测定是气态污染源排放总量监测的重要内容,关键问题是如何将连续监测系统的固定点烟气流速转化为监测断面的平均烟气流速。通过用参比方法对连续监测系统流速测定值进行校准,求出该监测断面的速度场系数。通过对两套连续监测系统的校准全过程的研究,证明速度场系数为一基本稳定值,经一段时间复验后其变化仍在容许范围之内,可用其对连续监测系统进行流速校准。      

Challenges to quantitative applications of Landsat observations for the urban thermal environment

Since the launch of its first satellite in 1972, the Landsat program has operated continuously for more than forty years. A large data archive collected by the Landsat program sig-nificantly benefits both the academic community and society. Thermal imagery from Landsat sensors, provided with relatively high spatial resolution, is suitable for monitoring urban thermal environment. Growing use of Landsat data in monitoring urban thermal environment is demonstrated by increasing publications on this subject, especially over the last decade. Urban thermal environment is usually delineated by land surface temperature (LST). However, the quantitative and accurate estimation of LST from Landsat data is still a challenge, especially for urban areas. This paper will discuss the main challenges for urban LST retrieval, including urban surface emissivity, atmospheric correction, radiometric calibration, and validation. In addition, we will discuss general challenges confronting the continuity of quantitative applications of Landsat observations. These challenges arise mainly from the scan line corrector failure of the Landsat 7 ETM + and channel differences among sensors. Based on these investigations, the concerns are to: (1) show general users the limitation and possible uncertainty of the retrieved urban LST from the single thermal channel of Landsat sensors; (2) emphasize efforts which should be done for the quantitative applications of Landsat data; and (3) understand the potential challenges for the continuity of Landsat observation (i.e., thermal infrared) for global change monitoring, while several climate data record programs being in progress.