Eco-Labelling of Shampoos,Shower Gels and Foam Baths (6 pp)

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Environmental issues of personal care products have been met with little attention in the past. Monitoring data as well as preliminary environmental risk assessments indicate that some ingredients in personal care products might be relevant pollutants in the environment. Following the precautionary principle, eco-labelling is proposed as an effective tool for source control of one major group of personal care products, shampoos, shower gels and foam baths (SSBs). Eco-labelling is a soft, but effective market driven and product specific approach to lower discharge of environmentally detrimental substances. Products that fulfil the criteria proposed help to minimise the impact of SSBs on the environment. METHODS: Available assessment tools for dangerous substances (e.g. current legislation on environmental risk assessments and classification, and labelling, eco-labelling criteria for similar products, the calculation of the critical dilution volume) were adapted and integrated into the criteria for the eco-labelling of SSBs. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A short outline of the eco-labelling criteria developed for SSBs is provided. The basic criteria concern the effects of the substances discharged into the waste water during and after use. Products with an eco-label award may exclusively contain substances for which basic information about their effects on the environment is available. They may not contain persistent, bioaccumulating, toxic or ecotoxicological substances. In addition, the basic criteria include requirements for the container and consumer information. CONCLUSION: The basic criteria for eco-labelling SSBs are based on the actual state of science and are at the same time as simple and transparent as possible to ensure the best applicability. SSBs that comply with the described basic criteria can contribute to a lower chemical burden of waste water treatment plants and surface water. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The proposal for basic criteria described should stimulate discussion on eco-labelling of SSBs. It should help to pass valid criteria supported by authorities, producers and consumer groups for a national or international eco-label, e.g. for the European Flower or the German Blue Angel. In future, the successful introduction of labelled SSBs into the market will raise the awareness of the general public about the environmental effects of personal care products and it will help to promote environmentally compatible products.     

云南九大高原湖泊水体放射性状况调查研究

文章报道了2005年度分平水期和枯水期对云南省九大高原湖泊水体放射性状况进行的调查研究结果。本次行动初步调查清楚了2005年九湖核素浓度(U、Th、~(226)Ra、~(40)K)总α和总β值的区域最大值。调查结果表明,这九大高原湖泊水体的放射性核素浓度基本属正常本底水平,没有受到人工放射性的污染。     

pH值和碳氮比对亚硝酸型反硝化影响的研究

利用序批式反应器中长期驯化好的以亚硝酸盐为主要基质的纯种污泥,做锥形瓶实验,分别研究pH和碳氮比对亚硝酸型反硝化的影响。结果表明,亚硝酸型反硝化适宜的pH范围在7.7～8.6,最佳pH值在8.2左右;碳氮比（C/N）大于1.94,可实现连续稳定的脱氮效果,起始亚硝氮比基质降解速率随C/N的增加而增加,大于3.11速率几乎不再增加,通过动力学分析,得出该实验条件下C/N的饱和常数Ks为9.36。     

产品结构造型设计的可回收性分析

可回收性设计作为绿色设计的核心内容之一,是一种再生设计。以产品的可回收性为切入点,着重分析产品的回收成本与回收价值、回收结构造型的设计特点以及回收设计的时机周期,为优化产品的结构造型设计,提升产品的回收价值提供支持。     

Air Quality Management: Participatory Ranking of Control Measures and Conflict Analysis

The ranking of air quality control measures according to a number of evaluation criteria and with the participation of a large number of interested publics is demonstrated. A pilot study for the South Coast Air Quality Management District of California serves as the reference point. Several methodological considerations are addressed, such as: (a) the enhancement of criterion priorities to account for the variability among the performance of the control measures when incommensurable impact levels are applied: (b) the derivation of alternative rankings according to the priorities of potential coalitions; (c) the assessment of the potential acceptability of a collective ranking given the degree of solidarity among participants with similar interest affiliations; and (b) the assessment of the extent to which the performance of specific control measures may override priority differences and lead to insignificant ranking differences.     

再论科学安全观

以科学发展观,辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义为指导,以国际、国家社会发展为背景,综合各个领域提出的安全观,将安全观归纳为:宿命安全观、知命安全观、系统安全观和大安全观4种基本模式;提出以安全的社会价值和经济价值的认定为主体的安全价值观是安全观确立的基础,而构成安全观的人生价值观及人命价值观等是人生观乃至世界观的重要组成部分,是每个人实现人生价值观的保障。笔者试图以安全科学的基本理论统一人们对安全观的认识,旨在进一步充实完善安全学的学术内容。     

Valuing Water Rights in Douglas County,Oregon, Using the Hedonic Price Method1

Abstract: This paper uses the hedonic price method to estimate the value of an acre‐foot of irrigation water in Douglas County, Oregon. The analysis uses detailed information from 113 arms‐length transactions of farmland for 2000 and 2001. The estimated willingness‐to‐accept of $261 to sell an acre‐foot of irrigation water is consistent with other studies and recent transactions in the study area. Estimates for the value of leasing water are provided using a range of discount rates and leasing periods.     

浅谈地价评估和管理中的几个问题

土地价格是土地价值和权益的具体表现，是调节土地利用的重要手段。地价管理在推进土地有偿使用、优化配置土地资源、促进土地市场建设等方面发挥着重要作用。而现行地价体系比较成熟的只有作为国有土地使用权出让标准的一种基准地价，为适应其它土地权利流转的需要，应建立以土地权利为核心的新型地价体系。     

Human Dignity and the Dignity of Creatures

In their report for the Swiss government onthe notion of the dignity of creatures, PhilippBalzer, Klaus-Peter Rippe, and Peter Schaber analyzethe relationship between human dignity and the dignityof creatures, taking them as two categoricallydifferent concepts. Human dignity is defined as the``moral right not to be humiliated,' whereas thedignity of creatures is taken to be ``the inherentvalue of nonhuman living beings.' To my mind there isno need to draw a categorical distinction between thetwo concepts. Both notions could be brought togetherunder an all-encompassing concept of the inherentvalue of living beings, humans and non-humans alike,a concept one could name ``the dignity of livingbeings.' Indeed, this very notion underlies theposition taken in the report, although this is notmade explicit by the authors themselves.As the aim of the paper is only to clarify theconcepts used, I do not go beyond this ``internal'critique of their position, i.e., I don't assess howthe claims articulated via these concepts – theclaim that humans and/or creatures have an inherentvalue consisting in a supposed intrinsic good – areto be justified, although I myself would be ratherskeptical that this might be successfully done.     

Genetic Engineering and the Dignity of Creatures

The Swiss expert report suggests thatthe inherent dignity of a living being be identifiedwith its inherent value. But the phrase ``inherentvalue of a living being' seems to connote two conceptsof inherent value. One has a morally obligatingcharacter but is counterintuitive because of itsegalitarianism. The other is one of non-moral value.It is more compatible with considered intuitions butinsufficient for substantiating the expert report'sclaim that human beings have moral duties towardsanimals and plants. The paper discusses theseconcepts. Consideration is then given to the problemof how discursive support can be generated for theexpert report's claim that human beings have the moralduty to abstain from impairing those functions andabilities of a nonuman being that members of itsspecies as a rule can practice.