环境实验室分析数据质量控制技术

文章所论述的实验室分析数据的质量控制措施主要是通过对分析方法“适用性”的验证、质控考核以及± 2S单值连续控制图相结合的方法进行的。该方法可提高测试数据的精度和稳定性 ,也可提供全过程监测数据的误差范围。既适用于小批量单一水质指标的测试分析 ,也适用于大批量且水质浓度变化幅度较大的情况。避免了因环境因素变化而采用其它控制图带来的不便和困难。使用该质控技术可获得准确、稳定的分析数据     

绿色财富核算的理论方法及其应用研究——以神农架林区为例

提出了绿色财富核算的概念,对绿色财富核算的内容和范围进行了界定;在前人研究的基础上,对绿色财富各组成内容的核算方法进行了探索研究。以湖北省神农架林区为例,首次在国家区域层面对绿色财富进行了核算。研究结果表明:2004年神农架林区绿色财富总值为236.13亿元,自然资产总价值为46.91亿元,占整个绿色财富的比例为19.86%;生态服务功能总价值为189.23亿元,占整个绿色财富的比例为80.14%,生态服务功能价值高于自然资产价值约60个百分点;同时,神农架林区的绿色财富要远远高于物质财富,绿色财富大约是物质财富的4.6倍,高出物质财富约185亿元,绿色财富在总国民财富中发挥着重要作用。论文的研究方法和结论为国家自然保护区的生态补偿、财政转移支付、自然资源管理等政策的制定提供了定量分析基础。     

Fighting behavior in hermit crabs: the combined effect of resource-holding potential and resource value in Pagurus longicarpus

A study was conducted to determine whether asymmetries in both resource-holding potential (RHP) and resource value (RV) influence dominance and fighting behavior in the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus. A total of 120 groups of three crabs were observed for 10 min in four experiments that tested all diverse combinations of equal/different RHP (i.e. ‘body size’) and equal/different RV (i.e. ‘shell size’ and ‘shell quality’). In a fifth experiment, dominant and subordinate individuals of the same size category (26 groups) were forced to enter shells of opposite quality than those previously occupied, and then the behavior of the reconstituted original groups was observed for additional 10 min. As expected, crabs in lower quality shells were more willing to initiate and to escalate fights. However, their attacks were directed to any crab of the group, independently of the defender's shell quality, and the fight duration did not vary with the different value of the resources at stake. This may indicate that P. longicarpus is unable to assess the quality of the shells available in its social environment but bases its tactical decisions during fights solely on its own resource. This suggestion was confirmed by the change in the fighting behavior of crabs whose shell quality was experimentally altered. This manipulation induced an overall increase in the intensity of aggression, drastic modification of crab behavior, and inversion of the hierarchy even though these crabs have had previous experiences of wins/losses and were familiar to the other members of the group. In this species, large crab size and/or the occupancy of adequate (and oversized) shells appeared to be the most likely determinant of contest resolution. Individuals seemed to retain a memory of the previously held resource and behaved accordingly.     

水温与营养值对水库藻华态势的影响

主要研究了水温和营养值在大沙河水库绿藻、硅藻藻华生物量的影响；提出了用营养值来定量描述水体的富营养状态；通过构筑一定形式的辅助变量，分别提出了在水温20℃和30℃条件下藻华生物量的预测模型；进一步阐述了水温对藻生长态势的影响原理。研究表明水温一方面影响藻生命活动的活性、速率，另一方面影响藻对水中营养物的利用率和自身代谢率。在水温20℃和30℃时，两方面的总体作用结果有所不同。对营养物的利用率和自身代谢率方面更大程度上影响藻华生物量的多少。     

Temporal changes in demand for and supply of nests in red bishops (Euplectes orix): dynamics of a biological market

The red bishop (Euplectes orix) is a highly polygynous and colonial weaverbird. Males construct several nests within their territories to which they try to attract females, and females are solely responsible for incubation and raising offspring. In this paper, we describe the characteristics of the red bishop’s mating system as a biological market and investigate the role of nests built by males as a traded commodity in a mating market. As timing of breeding in red bishops in arid and semi-arid zones depends on rainfall patterns which are often unpredictable, there are temporal changes in demand for and supply of nests within a breeding season, with breeding activities of males and females being highly synchronised. We found that males increased their nest-building speed with increased female breeding activity independently of rainfall, indicating that supply follows demand in this mating market. The supply of nests was always larger than the demand for nests. Construction costs for nests increased with demand for nests as indicated by shorter nest-building duration and shorter building delays between two consecutively built nests at times of high breeding activity. Males as a trading class are chosen according to the age of their nests offered, with young nests having a higher probability of being accepted by females. Furthermore, female choosiness with regard to nest age decreased when their own market value decreased, as predicted by biological market theory. The temporal changes of breeding activity together with the female preference for young and fresh nests require that males quickly adjust nest-building activity to varying female demand for new nests. However, males with a better adjustment of building speed to female breeding activity did not gain higher mating success.     

川育小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

对15个川育系列品种及其16个亲本进行了沉降值测定，并采用SDS—PAGE方法分析了供试品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基的组成及分布，分析了不同亚基与SDS沉降值的关系．结果表明，近期育成的优质小麦品种中含有优质HMW亚基，如5 10，而一些早期育成的品种由于缺乏优质亚基，其品质也稍差一些，因此在今后的品质育种工作中应加强对优质亚基的引进、研究和利用．加强HMW—GS在品质育种中的应用与实践．图2表8参12     

Cooperative prey capture by young subsocial spiders

Matriphagous young of a subsocial spider Amaurobius ferox exhibit collective predation during their post-maternal social period. In this paper, we examine functional mechanisms of collective predation by sibling groups. Predation efficiency increased with increasing number of individuals within each group. Solitary or paired individuals were generally unable to capture a 20 mg cricket. In larger groups, more individuals participated and captured the prey more quickly. Some siblings did not take part in paralyzing prey, but later consumed it. The proportion of these profiteers within a group increased with the group size. Presented with prey of different sizes (1, 5, or 40 mg), siblings were most aggressive towards each other when predating on 5 mg prey. Prey of this size could be captured by a single individual and yet were sufficiently large for more than one individual to eat. Siblings were much less aggressive towards one another during the capture of 40 mg prey, which require the assistance of other individuals to capture. By providing the same mass of prey in different numbers of individuals (a single cricket of 40 or 40 mg of first-instar crickets), we tested the influence of cooperation on the post-maternal social period. We found no difference in the development of young during the social period nor the timing of dispersal and the body mass of dispersing individuals. We conclude that the young of this subsocial animal increased predation efficiency by cooperative hunting after the mother's death.     

甘肃省景观地球化学特征初探

分析了甘肃省境内的地球化学景观特征 ,将甘肃省划分为 6个不同的地球化学景观区 ,并依据甘肃省地质矿产局 2 0余年的 1:2 0万水系沉积物测量资料 ,统计出各景观区元素含量的算数平均值及标准离差 ,与全国相应元素的水系沉积物背景值进行了对比。     

用标准基准投影法综合评价水体水质

投影法是一种多指标决策和评价的方法,可应用于水体水质间的比较与排序,但它不能定性评价水体水质,无法确定水体的污染情况.本文对谈模型作了改进,具体方法为将水质标准值设为虚拟评价对象与考察对象一同进行投影,以标准的投影值为基准,通过标准区间嵌入法确定水体水质等级值,根据各水质等级值进行评价及排序.以福州山仔水库为例,对水库的富营养化程度进行综合评价,评价结果与模糊隶属函数法基本相符,评价结果合理且方法简单明了.     

铁碳微电解法处理某化工厂废水的研究

某化工厂废水主要成份为乙醛、少量三聚乙醛、四聚乙醛、吡啶和一些乙醛聚合物。经吸附塔处理后出水ρ(CODCr)值在3000￣4000mg·L-1之间,BOD5/CODCr只有0.05,采用铁碳微电解方法进行预处理。实验结果表明,最合适反应条件是进水pH值为2、铁碳比1∶2、停留时间为2h,在此条件下CODCr去除率可达64%以上,且进水浓度的变化对去除率影响不大。而且,BOD5/CODCr值在0.45以上,提高了可生化性。