A multiscale hierarchical Markov transition matrix model for generating and analyzing thematic raster maps

A model is described for generating hierarchically scaled spatial pattern as represented in a thematic raster map. The model involves a series of Markov transition matrices, one for each level in the scaling hierarchy. In full generality, the model allows the transition matrices to be different at each level, potentially making available a large number of parameters for landscape characterization. The model is self-similar when the transition matrices are all equal. A method is presented for fitting the model to data that take the form of a single-resolution thematic raster map. Explicit analytic solutions are obtained for the fitted parameters. The fitting method is based on a relationship between the hierarchical transitions in the model and spatial transitions at varying distance scales in the data map, a categorical analogy of the geostatistical variogram.     

施肥与地膜覆盖对土壤有机质平衡的影响

用田间长期定位试验法研究了施肥与地膜覆盖条件下玉米连作在壤质棕壤中有机质的矿化、积累和平衡。结果表明，土壤有机质矿化率在０．０１０７～０．０４３８／ａ之间，施肥与地膜覆盖有利于土壤有机质的积累与平衡，并加快有机质矿化；在本试验各施肥处理中土壤有机质均有所积累；在连年稳定施肥条件下，有机肥的施用会明显提高土壤有机质平衡值     

Evaluation of the impact on entomocoenosis of active agents allowed in organic olive farming against Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin, 1790)

Several attempts for evaluating environmental impact of active agents allowed in organic olive farming against Bactrocera oleae have been made, but very few studies were performed contemporaneously on more than one of them. Insects were chosen as indicators because they are known to react very quickly to environmental perturbations, mainly at the community level. In fact, the coenosis is the functional unit interacting with biotic and abiotic environmental parameters. Seven taxa, known for their sensitivity to habitat alterations, were sampled and grouped in functional groups: predators and parasitoids, phytophagouses and pollinators. The coenotic balance between these two functional groups was analyzed. The study was carried out in an organic olive orchard in the municipality of Terranova da Sibari, Cosenza, Southern Italy. The tested active agents (Azadirachtin, Rotenone, Copper Oxychloride) were sprayed twice (end of September and middle October). During the treatments the population dynamics of all the taxa were knocked-down. No one tested compound seems to be harmless to the entomocoenosis, particularly on phytophagouses and pollinators. In truly organic farming it is necessary to provide natural refuge areas to beneficial insects (i.e. pest antagonists) in which no active agents are sprayed and alternative preys could be found.     

A Multi-Years Analysis of the Energy Balance,Green Gas Emissions,and Production Costs of First and Second Generation Bioethanol

Contemporary reports on the energy and environmental benefits of bioethanol have suggested that the cellulosic ethanol is significantly more efficient. To understand the development potential of energy crops in Taiwan, the present study has assessed the resources and cost inputs for the planning, harvesting, transporting, and storing procedures of the first generation energy crops during 2007–2010 with the perspective of LCA. In addition, a field investigation focusing on rice straw, the largest agricultural waste in Taiwan, has been conducted since 2010 to obtain fundamental data.This study further analyzes the first and second-generation feedstocks from the perspective of LCA based on field investigated data. Taiwan has not yet established an ethanol plant; therefore, this study established production data by simulating the production efficiency of an economical scale using parameters obtained through production trials, and proposed an evaluation model for the energy input, GHG, and production costs of bioethanol in Taiwan. The results of this study were cross-compared with foreign literature to explore the development potential of bioethanol in Taiwan. The results indicate that based on the current cellulosic ethanol technology in Taiwan, regarding the energy balance, GHG, and production costs, is less efficient than that of the first generation bioethanol.     

多层采空区流场局部动态平衡数学建模分析

针对大同矿区浅埋深、多煤层群、近距离、两硬条件下开采形成的多层采空区极易发生自燃的问题,进行风流流场调压分析,以达到控制采空区遗煤自燃及防止有害气体流人工作面的目标.建立了多层采空区流场调压数学模型,得出工作面风压调节的最优参数,结合工程实际分析,确定了多层采空区流场调压需要达到的预期效果.提出多层采空区流场局部动态平衡的调压方法,结合达西线性渗流定律,确定了多层采空区流场达到局部动态平衡的调压允许范围,并提出调压自动控制方法.     

碳酸盐-硫酸盐矿物强化垃圾渗滤液厌氧处理研究

厌氧消化通常是垃圾渗滤液生物处理的首要环节,但处理效率不高.本研究尝试通过添加碳酸盐、硫酸盐等矿物来提高垃圾渗滤液的厌氧转化效率.研究共设置5组厌氧生物反应器,包括投加硬石膏、方解石、石膏、白云石的反应器及空白对照,考察添加矿物对垃圾渗滤液厌氧消化的影响.从实验结果可以看出,添加矿物的反应器中COD的去除率可以达到75%左右,而空白对照组去除率尚不足60%,添加矿物反应器甲烷产量显著高于对照.从反应器中的p H变化可以看出,矿物的添加可以提高溶液中的p H.研究结果表明,添加碳酸盐/硫酸盐矿物对垃圾渗滤液中的有机物厌氧消化过程具有重要的促进作用.     

湖北四湖流域的洪涝灾害与景观生态建设

对湖北四湖流域洪涝灾害的灾变趋势进行了分析，讨论了流域的景观生态特征及其对洪涝灾害的影响，提出了若干景观生态建设的对策。     

第一届亚太区安全健康海报、录像带创作比赛即将在港举行我国有关职业安全卫生单位积极报名参赛

第一届亚太区安全健成海报、录像带创作比赛即将在港举行我国有关职业安全卫生单位积极报名参赛第十三届亚太区职业安全健康组织大会及展览会将于１９９７年４月２１日至４月２６日在香港举行，这是香港职业安全健康局首次主办的大型国际性会议，预计将有二千多人参加，此...     

Determination of the carbon content of biomass—A prerequisite to estimate the complete biodegradation of polymers

This article presents a method to determine the carbon content of biomass, which is formed when degrading biodegradable polymers in an aerobic aqueous test system. Existing methods for determining the carbon content of biomass (e.g., fumigazation, protein assays, dry solids) have several disadvantages when applied for polymer degradation tests. In this work a protein assay based on the Lowry method was used. It was shown that the ratio between protein and carbon content is not constant but depends on the composition of the microbial population, the growth phase, and the substrate supply. This effect was used for the method presented in this article. For determining the carbon content of biomass the absorbance obtained by the Lowry test is correlated directly with the carbon content of biomass in dependence on the duration of the degradation test. The calibration curves are obtained by a mixed population of microorganisms during the course of a degradation test.     

我国西南湖塘溪流的水化学组成与离子平衡的研究

本文研究了我国重酸雨地区四川，贵州省湖塘溪流的水化学组成及离子平衡关系，结果表明：城郊之间水化学组成存在差异；同时，进行离子平衡衡算时，须对溶解态钙，镁进行校正，否则，会出现阴离子短缺现象，仅由钙，镁及硫酸根和弱酸根组成的简单离子平衡也是大致符合的，但其应用有一定的局限性。