Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

Abstract

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to improve land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

Energy analysis of algae-to-biofuel production chains integrated with a combined heat and power plant

ABSTRACT

This study examines the energy and mass balances of algae cultivation and different post-processing pathways. Flue gases and excess heat from a combined heat and power (CHP) plant are used in algae cultivation, with nutrients from municipal wastewater. In the studied pathways, algae are cultivated in open ponds and photobioreactors with or without artificial lighting. Algal mass is used for methane, biodiesel or ethanol production, or it is combusted in a boiler. Results show that in most process pathways energy output exceeds the energy consumption in processing, and the energy returns are approximately twice as large as the electricity input. A large fraction of input energy is low-temperature heat, while the products have a higher value. Energy outputs from different pathways are similar, but heat and electricity consumption in processing vary significantly. Supercritical water gasification pathway is identified as a possible future option, whereas lipid extraction pathways are suggested to be the most likely candidates for industrial scale operations.     

7种指示性多氯联苯混合标准样品量值不确定度研究

分析并评估了异辛烷中7种指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)混合标准样品的量值不确定度。通过分析PCBs纯品中结构相似物、水分、无机物等杂质的含量,采用质量平衡法对PCBs纯品的纯度进行了定值。结果显示,7种指示性PCBs纯品的纯度为98.24%~99.92%,纯度不确定度为0.08%~1.28%。采用称量-容量法制备了各组分浓度均为50.0 μg/mL的异辛烷中7种指示性PCBs混合标准样品,全面分析了各组分的量值不确定度来源,主要包括样品配制、均匀性和长期稳定性等引入的不确定度。结果表明,该标准样品中,7种指示性PCBs组分的合成扩展不确定度为0.7~1.7 μg/mL。该标准样品量值准确且具有计量溯源性,可为我国PCBs相关国际履约监测和新污染物监测提供有效支撑。     

Using historical spy satellite photographs and recent remote sensing data to identify high-conservation-value forests

High-conservation-value forests (HCVFs) are critically important for biodiversity and ecosystem service provisioning, but they face many threats. Where systematic HCVF inventories are missing, such as in parts of Eastern Europe, these forests remain largely unacknowledged and therefore often unprotected. We devised a novel, transferable approach for detecting HCVFs based on integrating historical spy satellite images, contemporary remote sensing data (Landsat), and information on current potential anthropogenic pressures (e.g., road infrastructure, population density, demand for fire wood, terrain). We applied the method to the Romanian Carpathians, for which we mapped forest continuity (1955–2019), canopy structural complexity, and anthropogenic pressures. We identified 738,000 ha of HCVF. More than half of this area was identified as susceptible to current anthropogenic pressures and lacked formal protection. By providing a framework for broad-scale HCVF monitoring, our approach facilitates integration of HCVF into forest conservation and management. This is urgently needed to achieve the goals of the European Union's Biodiversity Strategy to maintain valuable forest ecosystems.     

Energy balance and global warming potential of corn straw-based bioethanol in China from a life cycle perspective

As the second largest corn producer in this world, China has abundant corn straw resources. The study assessed the energy balance and global warming potential of corn straw-based bioethanol production and utilization in China from a life cycle perspective. The results revealed that bioethanol used as gasoline and diesel blend fuel could reduce global warming potential by 10%–97% and 4%–96%, respectively, as compared to gasoline and diesel for transport. The total global warming potential, net global warming potential, net energy, and Net Energy Ratio per MJ ethanol generated from corn straw-based bioethanol system are estimated to be 0.20 kg CO₂-eq, 0.012 kg CO₂-eq, 0.60 MJ, and 1.87, respectively. By using sensitivity analysis, we found that the collected coefficient and compressing density of straw have a more obvious influence on energy balance; transportation distance has a more obvious influence on global warming potential emission factor. The by-products may be utilized as fertilizer, animal feed, cement replacement, or high-value lignin chemicals, which make a contribution to offsetting 0.28 MJ per MJ ethanol of energy consumption.     

遥感和GIS支持下浙江省自然资源资产负债表编制研究

自然资源资产负债表的编制是生态文明建设制度创新的一项重大举措。本文依据"先实物后价值、先存量后流量、先有形后无形"的原则构建自然资源资产负债表框架结构，在遥感和GIS技术支持下探索自然资源资产负债表编制核算路径，确定土地资源、矿产资源、水资源、林木资源、土壤资源、大气资源等六类有形资产核算指标，以及生物多样性维持功能、碳固定功能、水源涵养功能、土壤保持功能等四类无形资产核算指标，并以浙江省为例，完成了浙江省自然资源资产负债表的编制与其核算过程。研究结果表明：①浙江省2014年自然资源资产存量价值约为126 800亿元，相当于当年浙江省GDP的3倍，是浙江省可持续发展的重要基础；② 2000-2014年浙江省自然资源资产存量价值总体呈上升趋势，固定资产存量价值增加900亿元，无形资产存量价值增加200亿元；③ 2000-2014年浙江省自然资源资产负债累计2100亿元，大气资源负债占比最高，达39.07%，其次是水资源负债，达27.07%。本文提出的自然资源资产负债表编制与核算经验，可为全国自然资源资产负债表编制提供有益探索。     

缓释肥侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响

利用田间小区试验,系统研究了基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响。试验结果表明：与农民常规施肥处理（FP）比较,侧条施肥技术高缓释肥处理（HF）水稻氮素投入比农民常规施肥处理（FP）降低约40%,水稻产量没有显著降低,穗粒数比农民常规施肥处理增加了8.36%。侧条施肥技术显著提高了水稻地上部吸氮量和氮肥偏生产力,降低了氮素的表观损失量。侧条施肥各处理氮肥偏生产力在39.1～67.8之间,显著高于FP处理的23.7。FP处理氮素表观损失量高达174.2 kg＆#183;hm-2,侧条施肥各处理表观损失量在23.2～61.9 kg＆#183;hm-2之间。综合考虑水稻产量和环境因素,基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术是一种资源节约和环境友好的施肥技术。     

“丝绸之路经济带”在世界石油供给格局中的地位及演变

推进能源合作是“丝绸之路经济带”（下称“经济带”）建设的核心和战略突破口。鉴于现有研究对经济带内的石油资源储、产、消、贸情况少有系统分析,文章采用箱线图分析法,探讨经济带内主要产油国的相对供给位序及其在世界石油供给格局中的地位与演变,并结合各国石油供需平衡状况的变化,提出我国与带内主要国家开展石油合作的对策建议。结果表明：1）经济带无论是在石油储量、产量、储采比还是出口量上,均居世界前列,是世界石油供给增长的主源地;2）经济带内以大中型以上石油供给国居多,且呈高度集聚态势,形成波斯湾沿岸供给极核和环里海“俄罗斯-哈萨克斯坦-阿塞拜疆”供给金三角,特别是环里海地区增长势头强劲,与波斯湾地区的供给差距有所缩小;3）经济带内的石油生产和出口波动非常明显,主要是受地区局势变化、OPEC产量调控以及供给国内部需求波动的影响;4）未来我国仍应以波斯湾沿岸国家作为带内石油合作的主要对象,并在该地区进一步推进来源地多元化战略;环里海地区是我国另一大战略合作地区,近期应以石油运输基础设施合作为基石,并逐步构筑“俄罗斯-哈萨克斯坦-阿塞拜疆”合作金三角,对冲合作风险;5）中印两国应加强合作,共同增强地区石油议价话语权,提高地区石油运输安全性。     

黄淮海平原冬小麦种植的气候变化适应评估

水资源短缺影响黄淮海平原农业稳定和可持续发展。气候变化情景下,农业用水紧张的问题可能进一步加剧,种植制度和作物品种区域布局将面临调整。论文利用IPCC 5三种代表性温室气体浓度排放路径（RCP 2.6、RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5）的多模式集成数据,基于VIP（soil-Vegetation-atmosphere Interface Processes）生态水文模型,模拟了2011—2059年黄淮海平原二级子流域的水资源盈亏变化。在此基础上,针对水分亏缺最严重的子流域,设计无外来调水和维持2000—2010年调水总量水平的两种流域地下水采补均衡情景,对冬小麦种植区域的合理布局及其对产量的影响进行评估。结果表明,2050年代黄淮海平原农作物蒸散量增幅大于降雨量增幅,北部地区水分亏缺量将增加,南部地区水分盈余量则减少。在低到高的排放情景下,全区域水分盈余量下降0.1%~14.1%。两种地下水采补均衡情景下,2050年代黄淮海平原冬小麦种植面积应分别减少9.8%~11.3%和7.0%~8.8%,相应产量分别增加0~11.9%和3.0%~15.9%。适当减少冬小麦种植面积,可有效减缓黄淮海地区农业水资源的不足,保护生态环境,促进农业可持续发展。     

区域农田畜禽承载量预测模型构建与应用:以赤峰市为例

为对区域现有生猪养殖数量的合理性进行评价及对生猪养殖承载量进行预测,从畜禽养殖-耕地-作物系统出发,基于农田养分平衡理论及有机和无机肥合理配施方法,构建区域农田畜禽承载量预测模型。以赤峰市为例,设定有机和无机肥配施比例为5∶5,并保持现有农田N或P2O5养分盈余量不变,分别基于N和P2O5养分盈余量不变实地应用该模型。结果表明,基于N时可新增生猪养殖数量43.6万头,承载量为630.8万头;基于P2O5时可新增生猪养殖数量369.3万头,承载量为1 041.3万头。位于西拉木伦河南岸的松山区、翁牛特旗、喀喇沁旗、宁城县和敖汉旗是可新增生猪养殖的主要区域。从环境压力角度考虑,推荐基于N的预测值作为计算赤峰市可新增生猪养殖量和承载量的依据。