高产田养分平衡及其环境风险特征研究

选择连续四年产量20000kg·hm-2以上的高产田为研究对象,并以当地常规农田为对照,分析了秸秆还田条件下冬小麦-夏玉米高产轮作体系中养分平衡及环境风险特征。结果表明,高产田和常规农田的氮、磷、钾素在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中都有盈余,分别盈余130和202、122和162、315和119kg·hm-2。高产田氮素和磷素的盈余量小于常规农田,钾素盈余量高于常规农田。在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的各生育期,高产田0～100cm土体硝态氮均存在大量累积,小麦季大于玉米季,高产田大于常规农田,存在较高的淋溶风险。土壤电导率均小于土壤盐渍化的临界值,尚未出现土壤盐渍化的现象。     

上海市降尘自动监测系统研发与应用

大气降尘量是重要的环境指标之一,可以较客观地反映和评价城市局部地区扬尘污染水平,对评价城市区域环境空气质量、分析大气污染来源和变化具有重要意义。国内外大气降尘监测普遍采用传统的手工监测方法,手工法因时效性差、效率低、能耗大、质控难、误差大等原因已不适应现代环境管理的需求。随着科技与网络的发展,自动监测方法成为发展趋势。文章主要阐述了上海市降尘自动监测技术的研发过程及实际应用,介绍了自主研发的降尘自动监测仪的原理、关键技术和系统组成。通过粉尘舱内实验、降尘自动监测方法与手工重量法比对测试及为期一年的试点应用,分析了降尘自动监测方法的精密度、准确度、相对误差及适用性,并探讨了降尘自动监测的应用前景。     

化学质量平衡法在水体污染物源解析中的应用

化学质量平衡法（ＣＭＢ）是大气污染物源解析的主要方法之一。本实验模拟静肪水全点源恒流排放的条件,各污染物在水中的扩散行为,建立扩散经验模型来验证化学质量平衡法是否适用于水全污染物的源解析。做污染物浓度－距离曲线可预测各污染物的扩散行为;由同一污染源中污染物扩散方程的比较来确定污染源“成分谱”随扩散过程的变化,再由受体的污染物浓度便可求出每一污染源对该受体的贡献度,除极个别点外,污染物浓度实验值与预     

AUTOMATED METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BASEFLOW AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE FROM STREAMFLOW RECORDS1

ABSTRACT: To quantify and model the natural ground water recharge process, six sites located in the midwest and eastern United States where previous water balance observations had been made were compared to computerized techniques to estimate: (1) base flow and (2) ground water recharge. Results from an existing automated digital filter technique for separating baseflow from daily streamflow records were compared to baseflow estimates made in the six water balance studies. Previous validation of automated baseflow separation techniques consisted only of comparisons with manual techniques. In this study, the automated digital filter technique was found to compare well with measured field estimates yielding a monthly coefficient of determination of 0.86. The recharge algorithm developed in this study is an automated derivation of the Rorabaugh hydrograph recession curve displacement method that utilizes daily streamflow. Comparison of annual recharge from field water balance measurements to those computed with the automated recession curve displacement method had coefficients of determination of 0.76 and predictive efficiencies of 71 percent. Monthly estimates showed more variation and are not advocated for use with this method. These techniques appear to be fast, reproducible methods for estimating baseflow and annual recharge and should be useful in regional modeling efforts and as a quick check on mass balance techniques for shallow water table aquifers.     

氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡的影响

以小叶章沼泽化草甸为对象,利用静态箱-气相色谱法,在三江平原进行野外原位试验,研究氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡及其各分量的影响.氮素输入后,沼泽湿地生态系统总初级生产力提高,生物量增大,分别比对照处理增加了10%和26.8%.同时,CH₄和生态系统呼吸CO₂排放量提高,而生态系统CO₂净交换(NEE)和净碳(CO₂和CH₄都转化成对应的碳)交换降低,CO₂、CH₄和NEE的季节变化动态未改变.2004年整个生长季氮输入处理的CO₂和CH₄排放量分别比对照处理升高了34%和145%,NEE和净碳交换分别降低了70%和81.6%,但整个生长季2个处理仍然表现为碳的净吸收.氮输入没有改变沼泽湿地碳“汇”的功能,只是减弱了其作为碳“汇”的功能.     

试论生物安全“入典”之立法选择与规范表达

环境法典编纂背景下,生物安全是否纳入环境法典成为亟待解决的现实问题。就生物安全的概念而言,国际法采用狭义概念,国内法采用广义概念,单从任一概念与环境法的关系判断,生物安全“入典”貌似成了伪命题。但生物安全概念的国际法与国内法差异中蕴含着生物多样性保护和维持生态系统可持续发展的概念内涵,在生物安全与环境法典之间建立起沟通的桥梁。目前,生物安全具体领域专门立法的缺失以及环境法典体系化的需求,决定了生物安全必须纳入环境法典。生物安全与环境保护之间的关联性以及现有的国内、国际立法,为生物安全纳入环境法典提供了可能。当下国内法规定的广义的生物安全概念决定了其无法全部纳入环境法典,只能筛选旨在保护生物多样性与生态平衡,属于环境法传统核心领域的生物安全事项,以嵌入的方式纳入自然生态保护编。环境法典无法涵盖的生物安全事项,宜设置引致条款指向单行法的规定。     

基于郑州地铁下穿南水北调干渠的Peck公式反演分析

土压平衡盾构隧道下穿通水运行中的南水北调工程,在国内尚属首例.以郑州地铁城郊线土压平衡盾构隧道下穿南水北调中线干渠区间实测数据为依据,将Peck公式法运用于隧道下穿南水北调工程引起的地表沉降预测研究中,利用反演分析法,通过引入最大沉降量修正系数j和沉降槽宽度修正系数k,结合实测数据对Peck公式进行修正,得出适用于郑州...     

玉米酒精生产过程COD产污系数计算模型的建立

基于玉米酒精生产工艺流程,采用实测和物料衡算结合的方法,分析玉米酒精生产关联物料,并建立关联物质量平衡方程。实验测得绝干全玉米的COD负荷值为1611 mg/g,在此基础上推导出玉米酒精生产工艺的COD产污系数与淀粉出酒率、玉米淀粉含量、胚芽收率、玉米油收率、杂醇油收率和干玉米酒糟收率的量化模型。采用国内行业相关参数值代入模型进行核算,并与《第一次全国污染源普查工业污染源产排污系数手册》和《清洁生产标准酒精制造业》(HJ 581—2010)中的相关系数进行对比。结果表明:手册值在模型计算范围内;模型计算值略大于标准指标,与标准中一级COD产污指标基本一致。     

The Water‐Year Water Balance of the Colorado River Basin

Model‐estimated monthly water balance components (i.e., potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, and runoff (R)) for 146 United States (U.S.) Geological Survey 8‐digit hydrologic units located in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) are used to examine the temporal and spatial variability of the CRB water balance for water years 1901 through 2014 (a water year is the period from October 1 of one year through September 30 of the following year). Results indicate that the CRB can be divided into six subregions with similar temporal variability in monthly R. The water balance analyses indicated that approximately 75% of total water‐year R is generated by just one CRB subregion and that most of the R in the basin is derived from surplus (S) water generated during the months of October through April. Furthermore, the analyses show that temporal variability in S is largely controlled by the occurrence of negative atmospheric pressure anomalies over the northwestern conterminous U.S. (CONUS) and positive atmospheric pressure anomalies over the southeastern CONUS. This combination of atmospheric pressure anomalies results in an anomalous flow of moist air from the North Pacific Ocean into the CRB, particularly the Upper CRB. Additionally, the occurrence of extreme dry and wet periods in the CRB appears to be related to variability of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.     

烟台市PM2.5空间分布特征与来源解析

2016—2017年,选取烟台市3个代表性点位采集了PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其质量浓度和化学组成特征,并利用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对环境空气受体进行了来源解析。结果表明:PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出盛泉工业园点位[(68.9±30.5)μg/m~3]福山环保局点位[(64.5±25.5)μg/m~3]百盛商城点位[(58.8±19.2)μg/m~3]的空间分布特征。水溶性离子、碳组分(OC和EC)和地壳类元素表现出不同的分布特征,与各点位所代表的不同功能区有关。形成机制上,NO~-_3在福山环保局点位主要以NH_4NO_3形式存在,而在盛泉工业园点位存在一定的Ca(NO_3)_2形式占比。源解析结果显示,3个点位均受到海盐源的影响,福山环保局点位二次颗粒物污染最为严重(43.9%),盛泉工业园点位燃煤源贡献突出(16.4%)。