阿图什市不同类型的炉灶及能源消耗现状调查评价

对不同类型的炉灶煤耗及污染物的排放量进行了定量计算,在大量的统计资料及监测数据的基础上,分析阿图什市各类型炉灶燃煤及污染物排放的情况,并通过定量计算进行了探讨,提出相关的对策和建议.     

Studies on process optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking and palm oil

This work investigated the optimisation of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) and palm oil using a two-step transesterification process for WCO and base catalysed transesterification for palm oil. Transesterification reactions were carried out to investigate the effects of prepared catalyst CaO, methanol/WCO and methanol/palm oil ratio and temperature on the yield of biodiesel. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the best conditions for biodiesel production, using methanol/oil ratio between 4:1 and 11:1 and contact time varying between 2 and 4 h. Biodiesel yield of around 90 and 70% was obtained for palm and waste cooking oil at the methanol/oil ratios of 6:1 and 8:1 at temperature of 60 °C for reaction time of 4 h using prepared CaO as catalyst. The physicochemical properties of palm and WCO biodiesel were carried out using standard methods, while the fatty acid profile was determined using gas chromatography. The investigation concludes that biodiesel obtained from palm and waste cooking oil was within the specified limit.     

新型液体洗涤法处理饮食业油烟装置的试验研究

主要对液体洗涤法处理油烟工艺进行了研究,利用其处理原理自行设计了一套处理油烟装置,并通过实验进行了参数的选择和优化,得出采用1‰的NaOH 1‰的洗涤剂(质量浓度)的混合液为淋洗液,填料高度5～6 cm,则去除率能达到80%以上,且实验证实其处理效果达到了国家规定的最低净化率.     

油烟污染物降解优势菌的驯化培育及其性能

通过驯化污水厂曝气池中的活性污泥,获得以细菌、真菌为主的降解油烟污染物的优势菌种.驯化21d后,细菌的数量由16000cfu/mL减少到1500cfu/mL,种类由8种减少为2种.真菌包含丝状真菌和酵母状真菌,且数量显著增加.对驯化后的菌种进行形态学、生理学和分子生物学鉴定,结果为芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeraginosa)、青霉菌(Penicillum)和红冬孢酵母菌(Rhodosporidiumtoruloides).在30℃,初始油烟污染物浓度为70.6mg/L条件下,铜绿假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌、青霉菌、红冬孢酵母菌的最大油烟比降解率分别为0.627,0.916,2.102,2.453mg/g菌,优势菌群降解能力最高可达到7mg/g菌.     

中式餐饮业油烟中非甲烷碳氢化合物排放特征研究

使用挥发性有机物采样标准方法TO-14/15,选择了北京市5家不同菜系、不同营业规模的餐馆,在其营业时段,连续采集油烟中非甲烷碳氢（NMHCs）样品,使用气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC/MS）进行样品分析.研究了4大类72种NMHCs排放浓度和组分组成特点.不同采样餐馆的NMHCs排放浓度存在差异,与菜系类型、规模、上座率、...     

北京市餐饮业大气污染物排放特征

餐饮业是中国大型城市大气环境污染源之一.为了解餐饮业大气污染物的产生能力,本研究以北京为研究对象,选取41家不同菜系的餐饮企业,现场实地检测了净化设备前端的油烟、颗粒物和非甲烷总烃(NMHC)的产生浓度水平.结果表明,净化前油烟、颗粒物和NMHC的初始平均浓度约为1.93、 6.6和10.9 mg·m^-3.提出了一种基于工作日与非工作日的估算污染物排放总量的计算方法.并基于北京市餐饮企业数量和本研究测得的排放因子,初步估算了2019年全市餐饮源主要污染物的初始产生总量,油烟、颗粒物和NMHC的年排放总量分别为5 512、 18 849和6 169 t.川湘菜、烧烤、烤鸭与家常菜产生的油烟与颗粒物浓度的Pearson系数均>0.6,具有强相关性;其中川湘菜和烤鸭排放的Pearson系数均>0.8,呈现极强相关性.     

An investigation of engine and fuel system performance in a diesel engine operating on waste cooking oil

Waste cooking oil (WCO) was experimentally examined to determine whether it can be used as an alternative fuel in a 3-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection, 48 kW power tractor engine. The test engine was operated under full load conditions using diesel fuel and waste vegetable oil from the 2400 to 1100 rpm and performance values were recorded. Tests were performed in two stages to evaluate the effect of the waste oils on the engine life cycle. When the test engine was operated with diesel fuel and waste cooking oil; engine torque decreased between at ratio of 0.09 % and 3% according to the engine speed. While no significant difference occurs in the diesel fuel tests at the end of 100 hours of operation, an important reduction was observed in the engine torque of the WCO engine between 4.21% and 14.48% according to the engine speed, and an increase in average smoke opacity ratio was also observed. In accordance with the results obtained from the studies, it was determined that the engine performance values of waste cooking oil show similar properties with diesel fuel, but in long-term usage, performance losses increased. In the SEM analysis performed on the fuel system, there were dark deposits at the nozzle tip and stem. According to an EDX analysis at the nozzle tips, the detected elements point to engine oil ash in the combustion chamber and show coking products (C and O). The other elements (Na, S, Ca, P, Cl, and K) point to used WCO.     

餐饮源气相与颗粒相多环芳烃排放特征

多环芳烃(PAHs)是导致大气二次污染严重和臭氧浓度高的原因之一.通过对深圳市3家商业性餐馆和1家食品加工厂的采样调查,分析对比了我国主要中式餐饮源排放的PAHs在气相和颗粒相之间的差异,也重点关注了餐饮源烷基PAHs的排放特征.结果表明,食品加工厂排放的颗粒相和气相ρ(总PAHs)为(1 381.6±140.5)ng...     

Carbon black-benzo(a)pyrene complex-induced apoptosis and autophagy blockage in rat alveolar macrophages

Abstract

Cooking of foods and the burning of biomass and fossil fuels in stoves are the main sources of cooking fumes, with carbon black and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as main components. The toxicity of carbon black and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been well studied individually, but the combined toxicity is much less understood. Carbon black can adsorb benzo(a)pyrene to form a complex which displays an altered physical form which in this study has been constructed to simulate particles in the cooking fumes and explore the combined toxic effect on rat alveolar macrophages. The complex-induced cell apoptosis and blocked cell autophagy flux compared with both individually. The mechanism of toxicity may be by intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, impairing the mitochondrial membrane potential and activating apoptosis signaling pathways.     

等离子体协同MnO_x/SBA-15催化降解正己醛的研究

采用浸渍法制备了MnOx/SBA-15催化剂,利用BET、XRD和SEM等对催化剂进行表征。考察了介质阻挡放电等离子体协同MnOx/SBA-15催化剂对正己醛的降解性能。结果显示,负载MnOx后的SBA-15仍然保持介孔结构,且MnOx均匀地分散在SBA-15中;等离子体与催化剂表现出较好的协同作用,干燥条件下7.5 kV的放电电压结合10%MnOx/SBA-15时降解效果最佳,正己醛去除率达99%;相比干燥条件,相对湿度低于20%时正己醛去除率变化不明显,但高于20%时催化效果明显下降;该催化剂具有很强的O3分解能力,O3在催化剂表面的分解不仅促进了正己醛的氧化,同时也提高了CO2的选择性。