循环冷却水浓缩倍率对凝汽器管路的腐蚀和结垢趋势

利用水质判断指数来预测不同循环冷却水浓缩倍率下水的结垢趋势,确定形成最佳碳酸钙保护膜所对应的浓缩倍率,以达到最经济的防止循环冷却水系统腐蚀和结垢的目的.     

Mitigation of CO2 Emissions from the EU-15 Building Stock. Beyond the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (9 pp)

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Goal Scope and Background. The European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings which came into force 16 December 2002 will be implemented in the legislation of Member States by 4 January 2006. In addition to the aim of improving the overall energy efficiency of new buildings, large existing buildings will become a target for improvement, as soon as they undergo significant renovation. The building sector is responsible for about 40% of Europe's total end energy consumption and hence this Directive is an important step for the European Union in order that it should reach the level of saving required by the Kyoto Agreement. In this the EU is committed to reduce CO2 emissions relative to the base year of 1990 by 8 per cent, by 2010. But what will be the impact of the new Directive, how large could be the impacts of extending the obligation for energy efficiency retrofitting towards smaller buildings? Can improvement of the insulation offset or reduce the growing energy consumption from the increasing installation of cooling installations? EURIMA, the European Insulation Manufacturers Association and EuroACE, the European Alliance of Companies for Energy Efficiency in Buildings, asked Ecofys to address these questions.

Methods

The effect of the EPB Directive on the emissions associated with the heating energy consumption of the total EU 15 building stock has been examined in a model calculation, using the Built Environment Analysis Model (BEAM), which was developed by Ecofys to investigate energy saving measures in the building stock. The great complexity of the EU-15 building stock had to be simplified by examining five standard buildings with eight insulation standards, which are assigned to building age and renovation status. Furthermore, three climatic regions (cold, moderate, warm) were distinguished for the calculation of the heating energy demand. This gave a basic 210 building types for which the heating energy demand and CO2 emissions from heating were calculated according to the principles of the European Norm EN 832.

Results and Discussion

The model calculations demonstrates that the main contributor to the total heating related CO2 emissions of 725 Mt/a from the EU building stock in 2002 is the residential sector (77%) while the remaining 23% originates from non-residential buildings. In the residential sector, single-family houses represent the largest group responsible for 60% of the total CO2 emissions equivalent to 435 Mt/a.

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- The technical potential: If all retrofit measures in the scope of the Directive were realised immediately for the complete residential and non-residential building stock the overall CO2 emission savings would add up to 82 Mt/a. An additional saving potential compared to the Directive of 69 Mt/a would be created if the scope of the Directive was extended to cover retrofit measures in multi-family dwellings (200-1000m2) and non-residential buildings smaller than 1000m2 used floor space. In addition including the large group of single-family dwellings would lead to a potential for additional CO2 emission reductions compared to the Directive of 316 Mt/a.

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- Temporal mobilization of the potential: Calculations based on the building stock as it develops over time with average retrofit rates demonstrated that regulations introduced following the EPB Directive result in a CO2 emissions decrease of 34 Mt/a by the year 2010 compared to the business as usual scenario. Extending the scope of the EPB Directive to all residential buildings (including single and multi-family dwellings), the CO2 emission savings potential over the 'business as usual' scenario could be doubled to 69 Mt/a in the year 2010. This creates an additional saving potential compared to the Directive of 36 Mt/a.

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- Cooling demand: The analysis demonstrated that in warm climatic zones the cooling demand can be reduced drastically by a combination of lowering the internal heat loads and by improved insulation. With the reduction of the heat loads to a moderate level the cooling demand, e.g. of a terraced house located in Madrid, can be reduced by an additional 85% if the insulation level is improved appropriately.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings will have a significant impact on the CO2 emissions of the European building stock. The main saving potential lies in insulation of the existing building stock. Beyond this, CO2 emissions could, however, be greatly reduced if the scope of the Directive were to be extended to include retrofit of smaller buildings.

Recommendation and Perspective

The reductions should be seen in relation to the remaining gap of 190 Mt CO2 eq. per annum between the current emission levels of EU-15 and the target under the Kyoto-Protocol for the year 2010. The energy and industrial sector will probably contribute only a fraction of this reduction via the newly established EU emissions trading scheme and connected projects under the flexible mechanism. In addition, the traffic sector is likely to continue its growth path leading to a widening of the gap. Thus, there is likely to be considerable pressure on the EU building sector to contribute to the EU climate targets beyond what will be achieved by means of the current EPB Directive. Legislators on the EU and national level are therefore advised to take accelerated actions to tap the very significant emission reduction potentials available in the EU building stock.     

武钢循环冷却水钢管腐蚀的原因及其对策

针对武钢循环冷却水系统部分钢管腐蚀,造成管管漏水,严重影响正常生产的问题.探讨了钢管产生腐蚀的原因及其对策.近2年,通过实施减缓循环冷却水钢管腐蚀的对策,取得了明显的效果.     

晋普山煤矿3~#风井主要通风机安全技术参数测定与分析

晋普山煤矿原有 1#、2 #两个回风井 ,随着生产的扩大 ,新开掘了 3#回风井 ,并新安装了 2台 2K60 -№ 2 8风机即 5 #、6 #风机。根据《煤矿安全规程》的要求 ,在新风机投入运行之前 ,必须进行性能鉴定 ,同时为掌握 3#风井新安装的两台风机实际性能 ,对矿井通风系统改造提供依据 ,笔者分别对 5 #、6 #风机叶片安装角为 2 5°、2 0°和 15°进行了性能鉴定。根据鉴定结果进行了合理分析。     

细水雾灭油池火时各种影响因素的相对重要度分析

采用实验的方法并与理论分析相结合，对细水雾在扑灭B类火时，占主导地位的灭火机理进行了研究。实验中发现，当液体燃料的闪点相差较大时，其灭火机理往往不尽相同。并且当细水雾的雾特性相差较大时，在灭火中起主导作用的灭火机理常常也各有不同。因而那种单纯以雾滴的粒径分布作为细水雾扑灭燃料闪点较高的油池火时，雾滴的动量分布对细水雾的灭火有效性影响更大。为此，本文还建立了一个简单的模型，试图得到在这种火灾场景下，对细水雾灭火的临界动量要求。     

基于小波神经网络的瓦斯涌出量预测研究

准确地预测瓦斯涌出量对于指导矿井设计和安全生产有重要意义,而瓦斯涌出量是一个与自然因素及开采技术等多因素有关的非线性建模问题。鉴于传统神经网络方法解决非线性问题收敛速度慢,易陷入局部最优解的缺陷,笔者提出一种既充分利用小波变换的时频局部化性质,又能结合神经网络的自学习能力的小波神经网络预测瓦斯涌出量的方法,并建立了预测模型。在此基础上,采用Delphi语言,设计了小波/BP神经网络仿真器。通过实例分析表明该方法较传统神经网络收敛迅速,预测精度高。     

高层综合楼排烟系统设计分析与计算校核

高层综合楼功能复杂,人员密集,火灾危险性大,而火灾中烟气的毒害和窒息作用是致人死亡的最主要原因。因此,对该类建筑进行必要的排烟设计,既可以保证人员疏散安全,也有利于进行消防扑救。以某高层综合楼的排烟设计为例,对其排烟系统设计进行分析,重点对其排烟风机的排烟量进行计算校核,并提出了在排烟系统设计时应注意的问题,为设计人员及消防设计审核人员提供参考。     

矿井突水路径搜索算法与应用

为了实现对矿井突水路径的搜索以及突水范围的预测,基于图论与网络理论,以巷道交叉点的标高为搜索权重,将水流流向分成下向蔓 延和上向升涨两个突水阶段,提出了水流下向、上向蔓延路径搜索算法。实现了对突水路径的搜索,并在已知巷道突水点的情况下,通过两个 时刻的巷道水位变化,计算得出了单位时间的突水量,结合给定的矿井巷道拓扑结构信息,对未来时间段的突水范围和水位标高点进行预测。 研究结果表明:在已知矿井突水点和矿井基础数据信息的情况下,应用无向图宽度优先搜索法生成矿井突水路径, 并结合得出的单位时间的突 水量,对下一时间段的突水量进行计算并对突水范围进行预测。     

燃机进气冷却技术探讨

燃机进气冷却技术是一种提高燃机发电机组在高温环境下出力的关键技术,研究、实践燃机进气冷却技术具有重要意义.探讨了大气温度影响燃机出力、效率的机理,介绍了燃机进气冷却应用的发展过程,并分析对比了燃机进气冷却的主要方式及主要优缺点,可对燃机进气冷却技术的工程应用提供参考.     

化学清洗技术在安钢D900风机冷却系统的应用

利用化学清洗技术，对风机循环系统、油冷却系统进行杀灭微生物、除垢、去锈、管壁钝化、预膜处理，既保证了高炉的正常生产，又延长了风机的使用寿命。