Auditing International Environmental Agreements: The Role of Supreme Audit Institutions

Environmental problems are often transboundary in nature. International cooperation to solve them has resulted in a growing number of environmental agreements. Supreme Audit Institutions, which are the highest national audit institutions in a country and are responsible for auditing the regularity of governmental expenditure and receipts, can contribute to the success of international cooperation by auditing government compliance with international environmental obligations and commitments. This is a new challenge for supreme audit institutions. To encourage and support this work a Workgroup on Environmental Auditing of the International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions has developed guidelines, which are presented in this article. The possible practical role of audit institutions is illustrated by the audit on the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Ships, in which eight European audit institutions cooperated. This article is published in a personal capacity and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Netherlands Court of Audit.     

国家“十二五”环保产业预测及政策分析

基于最近10年我国环保产业的发展状况,结合环境保护"十二五"规划战略研究,预测了"十二五"全国环境保护投资和环保产业的需求,识别了重点环保产业发展领域的投资需求和技术需求。预测表明,我国"十二五"环保投资约为3.1万亿元,占同期GDP的1.35%,环保产业产值为4.92万亿元,带动治理设施运行服务费用1.05万亿元,环保产业就业512万人。最后提出了"十二五"期间建议重点突破影响环保产业发展"瓶颈"的若干政策。     

区域大气污染协作治理的驱动机制研究——以长三角地区为例

区域大气污染协作治理本质上是以地方政府为主体的横向协作行为,地方政府的协作意愿与行动策略是决定区域协作进程的重要因素。本研究通过构建区域大气污染协作治理的驱动模型,分析影响区域协作进程的关键因素。在此基础上,以长三角区域为例,通过分析大气点源治理、移动源管控、重污染天气应急管理和重大活动空气质量保障等四类协作议题的协作进程及其驱动机制,识别差异化协作进程的形成原因。最后,本文从强化地方政府区域协作考核力度、建立区域大气环境生态补偿机制、加强区域协作机构的组织能力建设和完善区域协作治理的基础性技术支撑等四方面为构建区域大气污染防治长效协作机制提出政策建议。     

巢湖流域水环境治理回顾及治理对策研究

巢湖是中国重点治理的"三湖"之一.自"九五"以来巢湖流域的治理已投入大量资金,采取了污染源控制、基础设施建设等多种工程措施,但水质呈现轻度富营养化状态.通过对巢湖流域污染治理历程及措施的梳理可见,虽然治理措施侧重点已发生变化,但仍存在生态建设、管理能力建设投资不足等问题.巢湖流域水环境治理应从增强全流域统筹调控、加大流域生态修复力度和能力建设力度等方面着力改善,才能应对流域水环境保护的严峻压力.     

战略环境影响评价(SEA)在中国的开展—区域环境评价(REA)

实践和研究表明 :传统的环境影响评价 (EIA) ,即在项目层次上开展的EIA ,不尽完美。而包含有战略环境影响评价的新一代EIA体系将很好的弥补项目EIA的不足 ,并且将可持续发展的思想真正贯彻到实际中去。中国在开展环境影响评价方面 ,也逐渐注重两个层次上EIA的开展 ,特别是结合当前发展的新特点 ,开展了区域环境影响评价。文章论证了区域环境评价 ,无论从层次上 ,还是从评价的对象、内容上都是属于战略环境影响的形式。并基于这个观点 ,介绍了区域环评在中国的开展及今后发展应注意的一些问题。     

制定ISO14000系列标准国家方案的几个重要问题

ＩＳＯ１４０００系列标准以生命周期评价理论和方法标准为基础,推出了环境管理体系与环境标志等国际环境管理标准,反映出现代环境意识引导下的双绿色发展模式,并成为可持续发展道路的重要组成部分。     

中国可持续发展战略实施的进展及其趋势

本文对中国实施可持续发展战略的现状和进展进行了全国的回顾和总结,对未来中国可持续发展的整体态势和主要趋势进行了分析和展望。     

Mixed messages across multiple trophic levels: the ecology of bark beetle chemical communication systems

Summary. Chemical, physiological and behavioral components of pheromone communication have been described for a number of bark beetle species, yet our understanding of how these signals function under natural conditions remains relatively limited. Development of ecologically based models is complicated by the multiple functions and sources of variability inherent in bark beetle semiochemistry. This discussion addresses four ecological issues of chemical signaling in bark beetles: the effects of aggregation on individual fitness, the possibility of cheating, how plants can defend themselves against herbivores that employ aggregation pheromones, and the implications of variability in chemical communication systems to predator avoidance. An analysis of published data from thirteen scolytid – conifer systems indicates that the net benefit and optimal colonization density vary with host condition and beetle species. When beetles attack live trees, the benefit of cooperative host procurement exceeds losses due to competition for the limited substrate, at least up to moderate densities. When beetles colonize dead tissue, however, the effect of subsequently arriving beetles on initial colonizers is almost entirely negative. This suggests that aggregation originated as exploitation of senders, but evolved into manipulation of receivers. It is also proposed that the optimal colonization density which typifies each species or population may offer a more objective and less value–laden index of behavior than current labels such as “aggressiveness”. Beetles can maximize the relative benefits of group attack by incorporating instantaneous measures of host resistance into their colonization behavior, and by adjusting oviposition with colonization density. This system may provide opportunities for cheating. However a number of factors may select against a fixed strategy of cheating, including the linkage between tree allelochemistry and beetle semiochemistry, the reduced quality of substrate available to late arrivers, the short adult lifespans of most bark beetles, differential exposure to some predators, the difficulty of locating signalers during extensive endemic periods, and the low costs incurred during host assessment. However, the possibility that beetles employ flexible, density – dependent strategies deserves heightened attention. The ability of bark beetles to collectively exhaust host defenses poses a particular problem for plant defense. It is argued here that the ideal defense should include both direct resistance mechanisms against invading beetles, and indirect mechanisms that inhibit chemical communication. Evidence for the latter mechanism is explored. The ability of predators to efficiently exploit aggregation pheromones as kairomones in prey finding poses significant risk to bark beetles. It is proposed that minor alterations in pheromone components may provide colonizers with partial escape from such natural enemies while maintaining intraspecific functionality. Traditional interpretations emphasized the fidelity and consistency of pheromones, but under natural conditions chemical signals are modified by unpredictable features of the biotic and abiotic environment. Although we typically view variation in pheromonal signals as experimental noise or simple deviations from a population norm, such variation may reflect evolutionary dynamics. Complex ecological interactions may impose trade-offs between the clarity versus diversity of their signals. Received 3 July 2000; accepted 8 January 2001     

浅谈航道建设项目施工期环境监测方案的编制

阐述了航道建设项目施工期环境监测的目的和意义,结合污染环节分析,提出了施工期环境监测方案的内容,包括地表水、大气、噪声、生态监测的布点原则、监测项目和频率、分析方法等,以及对环境监测所有环节实施的全程序质量保证与质量控制措施。     

大型石化项目环境监理实践及工作方法探讨

基于某大型石化项目的环境监理实践,从环境监理方案及实施细则的编制、设计阶段环境监理、施工阶段环境监理3个方面阐述此类项目环境监理的要点及工作方法。设计阶段的主要工作是对环保设计文件、设计图纸及基础设计资料等材料的审查,审查的重点是项目的平面布置、生产规模、工艺路线、污染物特征及各污染物控制节点、环保治理设施的处理工艺及规模等与环评报告及批复的相符性。施工阶段环境监理的工作重点是施工单位环境管理、施工期环保达标监理、隐蔽工程监理、环境风险防范措施监理、环保设施符合性核查、批建相符性核查等几方面。并简要分析了环境监理成果的体现方式。