安全社区建设与基层安全风险治理

社会结构转型和快速发展要求基层作为风险应对主体完善风险治理体系。本文介绍了安全社区运行机制及建设绩效与经验,从“四个转变”阐述了安全社区建设对完善基层安全风险治理体系的促进作用。安全社区蕴含的风险治理理念和机制模式,对我国基层安全风险治理机制建设具有借鉴意义。     

Does collaboration affect the duration of environmental permitting processes?

While collaborative governance has many benefits for environmental planning and management, those benefits are not politically feasible if they impact on process efficiency. This study assesses collaboration's effect on the duration of water permitting processes, specifically the United States’ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's hydropower relicensing process. Collaboration was measured using a survey of participants in 24 recent hydropower relicensing processes. A Cox proportional hazards model with mixed effects assessed the relationship between collaboration, regulatory framework, hydropower facility characteristics, and relicensing process duration. Collaboration was not associated with time to license. Instead, process duration depended on the regulatory framework (especially the switch to the Integrated Licensing Process and presence of endangered species) and facility characteristics (generating capacity and facility type). The results suggest that agencies should consider engaging collaboratively during planning and permitting, given that collaboration's benefits to decision quality do not incur a cost on overall process time.     

The environment as seen through the life of a journal: Ambio 1972–2022

Emerging after World War II “the environment” as a modern concept turned in the years around 1970 into a phase of institutionalization in science, civic society, and politics. Part of this was the foundation of journals. The majority became “environmental specialist journals”, typically based in established disciplines. Some became “environmental generalist journals”, covering broad knowledge areas and often with an ambition to be policy relevant. A significant and early member of the latter category was Ambio, founded 1972. This article presents an overview of the journal’s first 50 years, with a focus on main changes in scientific content, political context, and editorial directions. A key finding is that the journal reflects an increasing pluralization of “the environment” with concepts such as global change, climate change, Earth system science, Anthropocene, resilience, and environmental governance. Another finding is that the journal has also itself influenced developments through publishing work on new concepts and ideas.     

甲萘酚和甲萘胺在超高交联吸附树脂上的协同吸附行为

研究了水溶液中甲萘酚和甲萘胺在超高交联吸附树脂NDA103、NDA100上的协同吸附行为.实验结果表明,在较高平衡浓度范围内该吸附树脂对双组分水溶液中甲萘酚和甲萘胺双组分(摩尔比分别为3∶1、1∶1、1∶3)的吸附总量大于相同平衡浓度下对单组分水溶液中甲萘酚和甲萘胺的吸附量,呈现协同吸附现象,其主导机制是2种吸附质分子之间的氢键作用.单组分甲萘酚或甲萘胺水溶液和双组分共存水溶液中吸附质分子在吸附树脂上的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型.吸附温度由293K升至313K时,甲萘酚和甲萘胺在NDA103上的协同吸附效应的变化明显大于NDA100.NDA103树脂结构上的胺基既加强了对甲萘酚的吸附亲和力又增加了甲萘酚的协同吸附系数.     

Surrender or resistance to the implementation of Local Agenda 21 in Portugal: the challenges of local governance for sustainable development

The aim of this paper is to understand how Local Agenda 21 (LA21) is contributing to update local policy and decision making towards sustainable development in Portugal. Departing from a theoretical view of governance for sustainable development – its core values and challenges – and the role of LA21 in its endorsement, the paper presents the main results of a questionnaire survey submitted to Portuguese municipalities, with the purpose of understanding how far LA21 is being incorporated into planning and management. The paper then tries to expose some of the main potential, limitations and challenges in the local Portuguese case for the short-term sustainable future.     

五论灾害系统研究的理论与实践

作者曾分别于1991、1996、2002和2005年发表了关于灾害研究理论与实践的4篇文章,对灾害系统的性质、动力学机制、综合减灾范式,以及灾害科学体系等进行了探讨.在前4篇文章的基础上,就当前国际上灾害风险综合研究的趋势、应对巨灾行动,以及防范巨灾风险和加强综合减灾学科建设等方面进行了综合分析,阐述了对"区域灾害系统"作为"社会-生态系统"、"人地关系地域系统"和"可划分类型与多级区划体系"本质的认识;区分了"多灾种叠加"与"灾害链"损失评估的差异;论证了"综合灾害风险防范的结构、功能,及结构与功能优化模式";构建了由灾害科学、应急技术和风险管理共同组成的"灾害风险科学"学科体系.研究结果表明,通过综合减灾,防范巨灾风险已成为区域和全球可持续发展的重要措施,这一措施与资源节约型与环境友好型社会的建设,循环经济模式的发展,以及低碳经济模式的建立,共同构成了可持续发展战略实施的支撑体系.     

Accidental Versus Operational Oil Spills from Shipping in the Baltic Sea: Risk Governance and Management Strategies

Marine governance of oil transportation is complex. Due to difficulties in effectively monitoring procedures on vessels en voyage, incentives to save costs by not following established regulations on issues such as cleaning of tanks, crew size, and safe navigation may be substantial. The issue of problem structure is placed in focus, that is, to what degree the specific characteristics and complexity of intentional versus accidental oil spill risks affect institutional responses. It is shown that whereas the risk of accidental oil spills primarily has been met by technical requirements on the vessels in combination with Port State control, attempts have been made to curb intentional pollution by for example increased surveillance and smart governance mechanisms such as the No-Special-Fee system. It is suggested that environmental safety could be improved by increased use of smart governance mechanisms tightly adapted to key actors’ incentives to alter behavior in preferable directions.     

论我国滨海湿地综合性法律调整机制的构建

滨海湿地是我国湿地的重要组成部分,具有多种生态功能。随着风险社会的到来,各种开发利用行为造成滨海湿地严重的环境资源问题,滨海湿地的保护管理和法制建设成为当务之急。法律调整机制是应对滨海湿地问题的各类调整机制中最重要的部分,但我国现行法律调整机制无法有效解决滨海湿地利用中的“公地悲剧”和利益平衡问题,应该根据社会发展的需要,采取行政调整、市场调整和社会调整相结合的综合性法律调整机制。环境治理理论的兴起和我国第三部门的发展为滨海湿地综合性法律调整机制的构建提供了理论依据和社会基础,应该通过发展滨海湿地区域的环保产业、建立生态补偿制度、完善公众参与环境影响评价的途径、构建滨海湿地的社区共管模式,综合运用行政指导、经济激励、公众参与等各种法律手段完善我国滨海湿地的保护管理     

水利水电工程移民补偿的治理机制研究

有效和妥善地解决工程移民的搬迁和安置问题,不仅是水利事业顺利发展的关键,也是预防和减缓社会矛盾的关键.在改革开放时期,移民补偿问题的解决方式是前所未有的.为了解释这种移民补偿方式,本研究以湖南省洪江和碗米坡两个水电站的移民搬迁和安置过程为案例,从治理机制的角度进行分析.研究发现完成移民补偿的治理机制是一种包含了命令、交易、合作的混合机制.水电公司是水能开发的最大受益者,也是移民补偿的责任人,但它并不直接去完成移民补偿,而是将移民补偿的任务用合同的方式外包给市级政府.市级政府分解了从水电公司获得的任务和资金,并用行政命令要求下级政府完成补偿任务.县级政府分配了任务给乡镇政府,乡镇政府再分配任务给行政村.行政村的村委会接受任务后,将补偿资金转交给移民,并用村集体中的合作机制向移民提供耕地、宅基地等资源.这种混合式的治理机制使得移民补偿任务能够按期顺利完成,具有非常强的有效性.