Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River, China

The levels of six perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in surface sediment and their vertical variations in dated sediment cores from the Haihe River were investigated; studied substances included perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA),perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS),perfluorodecanoic acid(PFDA),perfluoroundecanoic acid(PFUnA),and perfluorododecanoic acid(PFDoA). Results showed that the total PFAS concentration in surface sediment ranged between 0.52 and 16.33 ng/g dry weight(dw) with an average of3.47 ng/g dw,with PFOS and PFOA as the dominant PFASs. In general,the PFAS concentrations in the mainstream increased from the upper to the lower reaches,except that a drop occurred downstream of the Erdao dam. Although the PFASs in the sediment cores did not show a clear decreasing or increasing trend with depth,the three cores had a similar vertical variation.The PFAS levels were relatively low in the surface sediment,and reached the first high point at8–20 cm as a result of the wide use of PFASs from 1990 to 2000. After that the PFAS levels decreased,and then increased to a second high point at about 40–48 cm,which might be caused by the leaching of PFASs in sediment. Because PFASs have hydrophilic groups and relatively high solubility,the PFASs will transfer from the upper to lower layers of sediment when water infiltration occurs,leading to the fluctuation of PFAS levels in sediment cores. This study suggests that both the temporal variation of sources and transfer processes of PFASs in sediments are important factors influencing the vertical variation of PFASs in sediment cores.     

苏北盆地里下河地区30~15 cal ka BP期间地球化学元素变化特征及古气候意义

应用因子分析法对苏北盆地里下河地区SG剖面中的地化元素和氧化物进行分析,提取出相关古气候信息,重建了苏北盆地里下河地区30~15cal ka BP期间的古气候环境演化序列:30.3~26.0cal ka BP为相对暖湿期;26.0~17.8cal ka BP较为显著的冷干期;17.8~15.0cal ka BP以升温为主,冷暖波动剧烈,整体相对暖湿期;另外,在这些大的气候演变背景条件下,也存在着多次明显的气候波动事件。这一研究结果不仅与国内大量的研究资料相一致,而且与深海氧同位素和北半球太阳辐射等曲线也有着很好的对应,表明苏北地区的气候变化具有全球性特征。     

近百年来新疆博斯腾湖多环芳烃的组成及变化特征

本研究分析了新疆博斯腾湖沉积岩芯中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布情况,并对其来源和生态风险进行了初步评估.结果表明,沉积岩芯中总PAHs的变化范围为37.5~184.5 ng·g-1,其中主要成分为萘和菲.近百年来,在20世纪50年代前后,沉积物中PAHs以及各主要组份出现明显变化.20世纪50年代以前,总PAHs和各组分变化相对稳定,并以低分子量PAHs组成为主.20世纪50年代后,高分子量PAHs开始出现并呈现波动上升,尤其是20世纪90年代以来,总PAHs及各组分都出现明显增加,至表层达到峰值,表明湖泊流域除了受人类低温燃烧排放影响外,近年来受工业和机动车尾气等高温燃烧释放的PAHs影响也明显增加.但通过风险评估表明,博斯腾湖中PAHs不会造成生态风险.     

厦门西港潮间带柱状沉积物重金属赋存形态与污染评价

采用改进的BCR四步提取法研究厦门西港潮间带柱状沉积物中12种重金属元素(Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ni、Pb、Sr、V和Ti)不同形态的分布特征,并利用次生相和原生相比值法进行重金属污染评价。结果表明:在1975~2013年所对应的沉积柱中,Fe、Zn、Ba、Ti、Co、Cr、Ni、V和Cu主要以残渣态为主,Sr和Mn主要以弱酸溶态赋存,Pb以可还原态和残渣态为主。次生相和原生相比值法评价结果表明,Pb在1981~1983年、1991~2003年处于轻度到中度污染水平,作为生物成因元素的Sr和Mn不适于用本法评价,其他金属均未受到污染。     

Characteristics of heavy metals and Pb isotopic signatures in sediment cores collected from typical urban shallow lakes in Nanjing, China

To investigate the contamination levels and sources for heavy metals that have occurred during the development of cities, sediment cores collected from typical urban shallow lakes (Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake) in Nanjing, China were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and for Pb stable isotopic ratios. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of Cu, Ni and Cd among sediment layers from Xuanwu or in the levels of Cr and Ni among sediment layers from Mochou. However, there were significant differences among the layers in the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Pb in Xuanwu and Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Mochou. Based on geoaccumulation indexes and enrichment factors, Cd was the primary pollutant at all depths in the sediment cores. The ratios of (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb differ significantly among sediment layers in Xuanwu. No significant differences were found on the ratios of (208)Pb/(206)Pb in Mochou, but the ratios of (206)Pb/(207)Pb differ significantly among some of the sediment layers in Mochou. The range of (208)Pb/(206)Pb and (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios was found to be 2.098-2.106 and 1.170-1.176, respectively, for sediment cores from Mochou Lake and 2.091-2.104 and 1.168-1.183, respectively, for cores from Xuanwu Lake. The differences in heavy metal concentrations and the Pb isotopic ratios with depth for the cores from Xuanwu and Mochou confirmed that the contamination sources changed during the formation of the different sediment layers. Furthermore, the ratios of (206)Pb/(207)Pb demonstrated that gasoline and vehicular Pb were not the primary sources of Pb contamination at different depths in the sediment cores in Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake.     

祁连山老虎沟冰芯草酸根和氟离子的记录及环境意义

2006年6月,在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔5040 m的粒雪盆钻取的20.12 m冰芯,该冰芯定年至1960年.本文分析了冰芯样品中草酸根和氟离子含量,冰芯所记录的过去46年草酸根的平均含量为（18.52±2.4）ng.g-1,其含量变化与气温变化具有很好的一致性,表明气温可能是影响草酸根浓度变化的因素之一.20世纪...     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core from Lake Dagze Co, Tibetan Plateau, China: Comparison of three receptor models

Receptor models are a useful tool for identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multiple environmental media. In this study, three different receptor models (including the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix models) were used to apportion the sources of 16 priority PAHs in a sediment core of Lake Dagze Co. The ∑PAHs (sum of all 16 measured PAHs) concentrations ranged from 51.89 to 132.82 ng/g with an average of 80.39 ng/g. The ∑PAHs were dominated by 2-3 ring PAHs, accounting for 80.12% on average, thereby indicating that they mainly originated from biomass and coal combustion and/or from long-range atmospheric transportation. The three models produced consistent source apportionment results. The greatest contributor to ∑PAHs was biomass combustion, followed by coal combustion, vehicle emissions, and petrogenic sources. Moreover, the temporal variation of the common sources was well-correlated among models. The multi-method comparison and evaluation results showed that all three models were useful tools for source apportionment of PAHs, with the PMF model providing better results than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models. The temporal trends of factor contributions were verified by PAHs with different ring numbers. Significant correlations were found between the simulated concentrations of each source factor and the PAHs with different ring numbers (P<0.01), except for the petrogenic source identified by the Unmix model (P>0.05). This study can provide useful information for further investigation of source apportionment of PAHs in the sediment cores.     

山西晋中焦化基地多环芳烃排放对周边大田卷心菜的影响

饮食摄入是多环芳烃(PAHs)人体暴露的主要途径之一,探究PAHs污染对农产品安全和人体健康的影响具有重要意义。山西晋中拥有大型焦化企业,也是北方重要的大田蔬菜种植基地,当地PAHs污染的特征和影响具有相当的典型性。研究选取修文工业基地周边的大田蔬菜基地作为研究区域,分别采集大气(含气相和颗粒相)、菜地表土和卷心菜菜心样品,确定各类样品中母体PAHs的浓度水平、组成比例和分布特征。结果表明,蔬菜基地周边大气中母体PAHs的平均浓度为301 ng·m-3。大气母体PAHs主要存在于气相,低环(2~3环)组分占据优势。利用同分异构体特征比值和主成分分析对大气PAHs进行初步源解析,炼焦、燃煤和生物质燃烧、以及交通尾气排放是当地PAHs的主要排放源。菜地表土母体PAHs的中位数浓度为236ng·g-1,范围为130~703 ng·g-1,以中、高环(4~6环)组分为主,菜地表土母体PAHs浓度与土壤总有机碳(TOC)分数呈现显著正相关关系。当地大田种植卷心菜菜心的PAHs中位数浓度为12.9 ng·g-1,范围为0.9~47.6 ng·g-1,低环组分所占比例最大,其组分谱分布与大气相似。偏相关分析显示周边大气PAHs对卷心菜菜心PAHs的传输贡献要大于表土PAHs。     

Evaluating the core: Critical assessment of core self‐evaluations theory

In 1997, Judge, Locke, and Durham published the core self‐evaluations (CSE) theory proposing that a multidimensional CSE construct, composed of emotional stability, self‐esteem, locus of control, and generalized self‐efficacy, accounts for individual differences in job satisfaction as well as in other organizational behavior outcomes. In this article, I argue that, despite ample evidence in support of the predictive validity of the CSE construct, the adequacy of including emotional stability, self‐esteem, locus of control, and generalized self‐efficacy as indicators of the CSE construct may be questionable, and I review evidence that points to limited convergent and discriminant validity of the CSE construct. I conclude the article with a few recommendations for advancing CSE theory and research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深圳湾沉积物中重金属污染累积过程

通过测定深圳湾沉积物柱样中重金属的含量,分析重金属浓度的剖面分布情况,并结合²¹⁰Pb的测年资料,高分辨率地研究重金属的污染历史,并分析其污染的累积过程结果表明:深圳湾沉积物中重金属的浓度相对较低,但Pb、Cu、Zn等已明显受到人类污染源的影响;近20年深圳经济的快速发展,以及20世纪60～70年代香港经济的崛起时期,对深圳湾沉积物重金属污染累积有显著的贡献.