基于灰色聚类法的长江经济带中心城市生态安全评价研究

以长江经济带为研究区域,选取长江经济带中心城市武汉市、上海市、重庆市为研究对象,首先运用PSR模型构建具有长江经济带特色的生态安全评价指标体系,包含目标层、准则层、指标层3个层次共31个指标;然后通过主成分分析方法进行权重求解,消除了指标间的影响,使各指标权重更加客观;最后构建基于白化权函数的灰色聚类模型对3个城市2004~2015年的生态安全状态进行评价。评价结果表明:3个城市2004~2015年间生态安全水平总体呈上升趋势,生态安全状态不断好转。     

不同生态下云南稻核心种质孕穗期耐冷性状的表型多样性差异

以504份云南地方稻核心种质为材料,在昆明自然低温平均18℃(冷害)和新平27℃(正常)条件下进行孕穗期耐冷性状的表犁多样性生态差异分析.结果表明:(1)在3种生态环境下,云南稻核心种质11个耐冷性状的平均值、标准差、变异系数等参数存在一定差异,总趋势呈现籼稻(Indica)不同环境间这3个特征值差异较粳稻(Japonica)明显;弱耐冷系统群差异较强耐冷系统群明显.(2)不同环境间11个耐冷性状Shannon-weaver遗传多样性指数存在明显差异,体现为正常环境高于冷害环境,粳稻(Japonica)高于籼稻(Indica),强耐冷材料高于弱耐冷材料.这种差异主要由剑叶长、穗颈长、穗下节长、1～2节长、穗长、主穗实粒数和结实率等7个耐冷性状差异所致.     

Sediment analysis to support the recent glacial origin of DDT pollution in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy)

In the present study, a depth-related distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in sediments of Lake Iseo, one of the major southern Alpine Italian lakes, is reported in order to further test the hypothesis of melting Alpine glaciers as a secondary source of contamination. In a previous paper, a “glacier contamination hypothesis” was suggested to explain the unexpected contamination of the biota of Lake Iseo, mainly fed by the Alpine melting ice.The sediment core analyses covered around the last 50 years. The organic matter profile evaluated as a Loss-On-Ignition percentage indicated transition of the basin from an oligotrophic to a mesotrophic status at around the early 1970s, but there was no evidence of the shift to eutrophy in the 1980s. Among DDTs, pp’DDE was the predominant metabolite, accounting on average for 79.4% of the total DDT concentrations and ranging from 6.4 to 447.5 ng g⁻¹ d.w. PCBs ranged from 5.0 to 163.7 ng g⁻¹ d.w. The maximum PCB concentrations were found in sediment layers corresponding to the 1970s when the highest production and use of these compounds occurred in Italy. In contrast, concentrations of DDTs showed a sharp increase from the early 1990s, long after their agricultural use was banned in Italy. This delayed pollution provides support for the hypothesis that the recent retreat of glaciers represents a secondary pollution source for old pesticides that were stored in the ice at the time of their use in agriculture.     

企业动态核心能力培育与提升——基于NK模型企业组织结构创新路径研究

运用NK模型分析了组织结构创新3个子过程及其对组织结构创新的影响,定义了组织结构创新的3个子过程：管理能力培育管理、组织结构特性定位管理和组织规模控制管理。通过问卷调查方式收集了60家企业的数据,运用SPSS15．0对收集到的数据位进行分析,阐述了企业如何在复杂系统的景观图上达到最优点,使企业达到效益最优。     

Anthropogenic input of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into five lakes in Western China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was examined in dated sediments from five lakes in Western China. The surficial concentrations of seven carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chyr, BbF, BkF, BaP, DBA and INP, hereafter denoted as PAH₇) were highly site-specific. The ΣPAH₇ concentrations generally increased from the deep layers to surface sediments. The temporal trends of ΣPAH₇ concentrations were clearly different from those reported in developed countries. From 1950s to 1980s, which PAHs started to decrease in developed countries, is the right period that PAHs started to increase rapidly in Western China. The fluxes and mass inventories suggest that the PAH₇ input over the past three decades was much more rapidly than it was before the 1980s. Source identification indicates that the PAHs were primarily from biomass burning and domestic coal combustion, and increasing vehicular and/or industrial coal combustion emission was also found.     

Time trends of perfluorinated compounds from the sediment core of Tokyo Bay, Japan (1950s-2004)

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were detected in sediment core samples collected in Tokyo Bay to reveal their time trends. The core sample deposited during 1950s-2004 was divided into two- to three-year intervals and the concentrations of 24 types of PFCs were determined. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) decreased gradually from the early 1990s and its precursor decreased rapidly in the late 1990s, whereas perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) increased rapidly. The observed trends were regarded as a reflection of the shift from perfluorooctyl sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF)-based products to telomer-based products after the phaseout of PFOSF-based products in 2001. The branched isomers of perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) were detected in the sample with its ratio of linear-isomer/branched-isomer concentrations decreasing. In this study, we revealed that the sediment core can serve as a tool for reconstructing the past pollution trend of PFCs and can provide interesting evidence concerning their environmental dynamics and time trend.     

Impact of climate fluctuations on deposition of DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane in mountain glaciers: Evidence from ice core records

How do climate fluctuations affect DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) distribution in the global scale? In this study, the interactions between climate variations and depositions of DDT and HCH in ice cores from Mt. Everest (the Tibetan Plateau), Mt. Muztagata (the eastern Pamirs) and the Rocky Mountains were investigated. All data regarding DDT/HCH deposition were obtained from the published results. Concentrations of DDT and HCH in an ice core from Mt. Everest were associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Concentrations of DDT in an ice core from Mt. Muztagata were significantly correlated with the Siberia High pattern. Concentrations of HCH in an ice core from Snow Dome of the Rocky Mountains responded to the North Atlantic Oscillation. These associations suggested that there are some linkages between climate variations and the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants.     

天山与珠峰冰芯草酸根的一致性及其环境意义

冰芯中草酸根记录的研究有助于对过去环境变化的认识.色谱分析表明,天山一号冰川所记录的过去43年草酸根的平均含量为3.6?9.2ng/g (x1s, N=534).草酸根具有一个含量约为2ng/g的背景值,在背景值基础上存在含量的突变峰值,多数峰值的含量超过10ng/g,且其增减过程多局限在1年之内.一号冰川与珠穆朗玛峰远东绒布冰川过去40年的草酸根记录具有相同的变化特征.虽然后者的平均含量是前者的7倍左右,但两冰川的草酸根峰值几乎具有一一对应的关系.这种对应关系表明两地区可能拥有同一个草酸根来源或同一类型的来源,因而具有时间上的同期性.草酸根含量的变化与南亚地区工业和经济发展以及环境保护事业的发展历程相一致,它直接或间接地来自人类生产和生活过程中对大气所造成的污染.     

近百年来新疆博斯腾湖多环芳烃的组成及变化特征

本研究分析了新疆博斯腾湖沉积岩芯中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布情况,并对其来源和生态风险进行了初步评估.结果表明,沉积岩芯中总PAHs的变化范围为37.5~184.5 ng·g-1,其中主要成分为萘和菲.近百年来,在20世纪50年代前后,沉积物中PAHs以及各主要组份出现明显变化.20世纪50年代以前,总PAHs和各组分变化相对稳定,并以低分子量PAHs组成为主.20世纪50年代后,高分子量PAHs开始出现并呈现波动上升,尤其是20世纪90年代以来,总PAHs及各组分都出现明显增加,至表层达到峰值,表明湖泊流域除了受人类低温燃烧排放影响外,近年来受工业和机动车尾气等高温燃烧释放的PAHs影响也明显增加.但通过风险评估表明,博斯腾湖中PAHs不会造成生态风险.     

Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River, China

The levels of six perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in surface sediment and their vertical variations in dated sediment cores from the Haihe River were investigated; studied substances included perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA),perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS),perfluorodecanoic acid(PFDA),perfluoroundecanoic acid(PFUnA),and perfluorododecanoic acid(PFDoA). Results showed that the total PFAS concentration in surface sediment ranged between 0.52 and 16.33 ng/g dry weight(dw) with an average of3.47 ng/g dw,with PFOS and PFOA as the dominant PFASs. In general,the PFAS concentrations in the mainstream increased from the upper to the lower reaches,except that a drop occurred downstream of the Erdao dam. Although the PFASs in the sediment cores did not show a clear decreasing or increasing trend with depth,the three cores had a similar vertical variation.The PFAS levels were relatively low in the surface sediment,and reached the first high point at8–20 cm as a result of the wide use of PFASs from 1990 to 2000. After that the PFAS levels decreased,and then increased to a second high point at about 40–48 cm,which might be caused by the leaching of PFASs in sediment. Because PFASs have hydrophilic groups and relatively high solubility,the PFASs will transfer from the upper to lower layers of sediment when water infiltration occurs,leading to the fluctuation of PFAS levels in sediment cores. This study suggests that both the temporal variation of sources and transfer processes of PFASs in sediments are important factors influencing the vertical variation of PFASs in sediment cores.