飞机结构腐蚀监测技术现状及发展趋势

简要介绍了腐蚀监测技术的分类,阐述了飞机结构腐蚀监测几种常用技术的工作原理,从技术角度分析了其优缺点,重点介绍了新型腐蚀监测系统的研发及其应用现状,根据我国飞机使用特点与工程实际情况,阐明了腐蚀监测技术的发展及主要应用方向。     

Study on the preparation of novel FR-245/MCM-41 suppressant and its inhibition mechanism on oil shale deflagration flame

Oil shale development is of great significance because oil and gas resources are scarce. Research on the prevention of oil shale dust explosion is particularly important for guaranteeing the safe development and utilization of oil shale resources. In this work, the flame morphology and velocity of oil shale dust with and without MCM-41 or FR-245 were compared. Furthermore, the novel green FR-245/MCM-41 inhibitor was prepared by jet mill method and used in oil shale dust explosion for the first time. The best ratio of FR-245/MCM-41 for flame inhibition was obtained, which was 9: 1. The pyrolysis oxidation behavior of oil shale before and after adding FR-245/MCM-41 was analyzed and compared by FWO and KAS methods, respectively. The results showed that the activation energy calculated by FWO and KAS methods greatly increased after adding FR-245/MCM-41, which increased by 95.36% and 115.15% than that before adding inhibitor, respectively. Significantly, the activation energy is particularly high for two methods when α between 0.2 and 0.6, due to that MCM-41 and FR-245 coexisted to limit the oxidation of oil shale. For α between 0.7 and 0.9, the activation energy is still high because of the existence of MCM-41. Combining the oil dust flame propagation behavior with the characterization results before and after explosion, the physical-chemical synergy mechanism of oil dust flame propagation inhibition was revealed.     

纳米零价铁对升流式颗粒污泥床反硝化性能的影响

为探究连续流条件下,纳米零价铁(nZVI)对反硝化颗粒污泥(DGS)性能的影响,本文利用升流式污泥床(USB),系统考察了反应器脱氮效能、污泥形态和反硝化特性随进水nZVI浓度的变化规律.结果表明,当nZVI5 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器脱氮效能与对照期(nZVI=0 mg·L~(-1))相差很小,DGS活性略微增大.当nZVI浓度在5~10 mg·L~(-1)时,DGS对nZVI的生物抑制作用表现出一定适应性,污泥浓度和颗粒粒径仍保持增长趋势,但泥相中总铁含量明显增大,DGS活性开始降低.当nZVI浓度增至30 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器对COD和NO-3-N的去除率分别降至对照期的23.3%和20.3%.DGS因吸附大量nZVI而呈黑色,颗粒粒径减小,污泥表面短杆菌等微生物密度明显降低.停止投加nZVI后,污泥浓度与DGS活性的持续上升,使得反应器脱氮效能在20 d内基本恢复至对照期的水平.异养菌在颗粒表面的快速增殖是实现上述目标的主要原因.     

Sediment pollution characteristics and in situ control in a deep drinking water reservoir

Sediment pollution characteristics, in situ sediment release potential, and in situ inhibition of sediment release were investigated in a drinking water reservoir. Results showed that organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in sediments increased from the reservoir mouth to the main reservoir. Fraction analysis indicated that nitrogen in ion exchangeable form and NaOH-extractable P (Fe/Al-P) accounted for 43% and 26% of TN and TP in sediments of the main reservoir. The Risk Assessment Code for metal elements showed that Fe and Mn posed high to very high risk. The results of the in situ reactor experiment in the main reservoir showed the same trends as those observed in the natural state of the reservoir in 2011 and 2012; the maximum concentrations of total OC, TN, TP, Fe, and Mn reached 4.42 mg/L, 3.33 mg/L, 0.22 mg/L, 2.56 mg/L, and 0.61 mg/L, respectively. An in situ sediment release inhibition technology, the water-lifting aerator, was utilized in the reservoir. The results of operating the water-lifting aerator indicated that sediment release was successfully inhibited and that OC, TN, TP, Fe, and Mn in surface sediment could be reduced by 13.25%, 15.23%, 14.10%, 5.32%, and 3.94%, respectively.     

基于硫化物硝酸菌抑制的城市污水单级自养脱氮工艺研究

采用外循环序批式反应器(ECSBR),通过向反应器中分阶段投加硫化物,成功抑制体系中亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)的活性,实现了城市污水单级短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化自养生物脱氮,出水氨氮为3.78 mg·L-1,氨氮去除率为88.4％,氮去除负荷为66.8 g·m-3·d-1.在投加硫化物前,系统氮转化途径以全程硝化为主,出水硝酸盐为13 ～22 mg·L-1,生成硝态氮与去除氨氮比值＞0.9.在投加硫化物后,NOB的活性受到了抑制,出水硝酸盐降为4.18 mg·L-1,生成硝酸盐与去除氨氮比值平均为0.17.体系中大量的氮以氮气的形式被去除,占进水氮的65.4％.氮转化途径由全程硝化向短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化耦合脱氮转化.研究还表明,硫化物对于体系NOB的抑制是可逆的,停止投加硫化物后,NOB的活性又重新恢复.因此,分阶段投加硫化物能保证反应过程中对NOB的持续抑制作用,为实现单级自养脱氮工艺的快速启动和稳定维持提供了一种新的策略.     

Biodegradation of alkylates under less agitated aquifer conditions

The biodegradability of three alkylates (2,3-dimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylpentane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) under less agitated aquifer conditions was investigated in this study. All three alkylates biodegraded completely under these conditions regardless of the presence or absence of ethanol or benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in the feed. In the presence of ethanol, alkylates degradation was not inhibited by ethanol. However, alkylates degraded more slowly in the presence of BTEX suggesting competitive inhibition to microbial utilization of alkylates. In the sterile controls, alkylates concentrations remained unchanged throughout the experiments.     

AF1410高强度钢大气腐蚀试验研究

目的研究AF1410高强度铜在北京地区大气环境中腐蚀特点和腐蚀规律。方法通过AF1410高强度铜的自然大气暴露试验,利用质量损失分析、断面分析、表面分析和电化学分析等方法分析试样。结果AF1410高强度钢在北京大气环境中腐蚀速率在腐蚀初期随腐蚀产物厚度的增加而逐步减小;随着暴露时间的延长,腐蚀产物由于厚度增加,以及其它环境因素的综合作用,导致其开裂直至脱落,腐蚀速率增加;之后又随腐蚀产物厚度增加,腐蚀速率减小。试样在暴露5年后,腐蚀产物厚度增加,腐蚀开裂、脱落现象明显加重。结论AF1410高强度钢在北京大气环境中腐蚀速率呈现反复升降的过程。     

ISO/FDIS9223:2011E中剂量响应函数应用浅析

采用剂量响应函数法、关键因素法、标准金属法评估了我国9个大气腐蚀试验站的大气腐蚀特性,探讨了ISO/FDIS 9223：2011E中剂量响应函数的适用范围、评估误差、温湿度对SO2和Cl-腐蚀性的影响等。分析表明,剂量响应函数法适用于评估有SO2或Cl-污染的大气环境腐蚀性,评估效果与ISO 9223—1992中的关键因素法相当,响应函数式中温度、湿度对污染物的腐蚀作用影响还有待进一步验证。     

中大口径弹药表面防腐控制

随着外贸155弹药的研制、开发及订货,为适应恶劣的海运及储存条件,对弹药的防腐提出了更高的要求。为此,在弹药的设计、加工制造、表面防护处理及包装等方面采取了相应的防腐控制措施,使大口径弹药的整体防护水平有了大幅度的提高。     

某20#钢腐蚀穿孔失效原因分析

目的 某船20#钢管投运不久后管段出现严重的腐蚀穿孔,通过对失效管段进行研究,以分析其失效原因。方法 通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、碳硫分析仪、金相显微镜等对材料材质进行材质符合性分析及金相组织分析。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜观察蚀坑微观形貌,并结合X射线衍射仪及显微拉曼光谱仪,对失效部位周围的腐蚀产物进行成分分析。通过电化学测试及微生物鉴别培养,进一步确定腐蚀的发生原因及机理。结果 材料符合性分析说明,此20#钢管束成分符合标准要求。通过形貌观察发现,20#钢蚀坑边缘呈阶梯状,具有明显的攀爬现象,蚀坑周围呈黑色。X射线能谱仪分析结果表明,20#钢腐蚀穿孔处内表面异常存在大量硫元素。通过拉曼分析及XRD分析发现,硫元素主要以硫酸盐及硫化物的形式存在。电化学测试结果表明,在含硫化物的溶液中,20#钢的腐蚀速率明显提升。进一步对腐蚀产物进行微生物培养,发现了硫酸盐还原菌的存在。结论 微生物腐蚀是引起20#钢管束穿孔的主要原因。