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151.
边镜贸易作为我国作为开放的重要组成部分,进展显著。本文在概述我国边境贸易发展所产生的环境问题的基础上,以我国最大的陆边口岸--满州里市为例,运用灰色预测,动态规划等方法探讨边境贸易与环境保护协调发展的途径。 相似文献
152.
Learning and natal host influence host preference,handling time and sex allocation behaviour in a pupal parasitoid 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The host choice and sex allocation decisions of a foraging female parasitoid will have an enormous influence on the life-history
characteristics of her offspring. The pteromalid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae is a generalist idiobiont pupal parasitoid of many species of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. Wasps reared in Musca domestica were larger, had higher attack rates and greater male mating success than those reared in Drosophila melanogaster. In no-choice situations, na?ve female P. vindemiae took significantly less time to accept hosts conspecific with their natal host. Parasitoids that emerged from M. domestica pupae spent similar amounts of time ovipositing in both D. melanogaster and M. domestica. Those parasitoids that had emerged from D. melanogaster spent significantly longer attacking M. domestica pupae. The host choice behaviour of female P. vindemiae was influenced by an interaction between natal host and experience. Female P. vindemiae reared in M. domestica only showed a preference among hosts when allowed to gain experience attacking M. domestica, preferentially attacking that species. Similarly, female parasitoids reared on D. melanogaster only showed a preference among hosts when allowed to gain experience attacking D. melanogaster, again preferentially attacking that species. Wasp natal host also influenced sex allocation behaviour. While wasps from
both hosts oviposited more females in the larger host, M. domestica, wasps that emerged from M. domestica had significantly more male-biased offspring sex ratios. These results indicate the importance of learning and natal host
size in determining P. vindemiae attack rates, mating success, host preference and sex allocation behaviour, all critical components of parasitoid fitness.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
153.
环境成本核算研究的进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
环境成本核算作为环境管理的基础工作,在绿色国民经济核算体系构建,在涉及环境费用效益分析,在制定适当的环境标准、环境收费等政策时发挥着重要作用。在陈述环境成本的定义和分类以及国内外环境成本核算研究过程的基础上,指出可持续发展理论、总成本理论、外部性和边际机会成本理论以及基于SEEA核算体系的环境成本计量理论是环境成本核算的四大理论支柱,并对环境成本核算方法的研究进行了总结与分析。阐明了研究队伍综合化、宏观核算微观化、核算方法科学化是环境成本核算研究的发展趋势,时空范围的处理、环境服务产出的处理、内部环保外部化处理是环境成本核算研究的难点与热点问题。 相似文献
154.
Rose-Marie Muzika 《Chemoecology》1993,4(1):3-7
Nitrogen fertilization resulted in a linear increase in the growth ofAbies grandis seedlings, but linear decrease in foliage concentrations of phenolic compounds. These data are consistent with the inverse relationship between growth and production of carbonbased secondary chemicals predicted by the carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. However, in contrast to predictions of the CNB hypothesis, nitrogen fertilization had no effect on foliage terpene concentrations. The results suggest that not all carbon-based chemicals respond in the same manner to environmental variation, and that the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis does not adequately explain all patterns of environmentally-induced variation in secondary metabolism. 相似文献
155.
Body size has often been related to reproductive success in bees and wasps. The objective of this 3-year study was to analyze
the relationship between nesting female body size, provisioning rate and longevity and their effect on several traits related
to parental investment and reproductive success in the solitary bee Osmia cornuta. Body size was not correlated to longevity, and it was only correlated to provisioning rate in the third year (with poor
weather conditions during nesting). Variation in fecundity, offspring size and offspring mortality was not well explained
by nesting female body size in any of the 3 years. However, in the third year, small females biased their investment toward
males, the sex requiring smaller pollen–nectar provisions. Large females were more successful usurpers of other females' nests,
but fecundity of usurpers was no higher than fecundity of nonusurpers. Large females were more likely to establish at the
release site, probably in relation to size-dependent vigor at emergence. A review of the literature on parental investment
in solitary aculeate Hymenoptera showed a stronger relationship between body size and reproductive success in wasps than in
bees. In O. cornuta, fecundity was strongly related to longevity and provisioning rate in all 3 years. Offspring size was associated with provisioning
rate in 1 year, when females with higher provisioning rates tended to produce larger sons and daughters. Both longevity and
provisioning rate appeared to be strongly conditioned by stochastic events. 相似文献
156.
Conventional mathematical programming methods, such as linear programming, non linear programming, dynamic programming and
integer programming have been used to solve the cost optimization problem for regional wastewater treatment systems. In this
study, a river water quality management model was developed through the integration of a genetic algorithm (GA). This model
was applied to a river system contaminated by three determined discharge sources to achieve the water quality goals and wastewater
treatment cost optimization in the river basin. The genetic algorithm solution, described the treatment plant efficiency,
such that the cost of wastewater treatment for the entire river basin is minimized while the water quality constraints in
each reach are satisfied. This study showed that genetic algorithm can be applied for river water quality modeling studies
as an alternative to the present methods. 相似文献
157.
Nadine C. Chapman Benjamin P. Oldroyd William O. H. Hughes 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1185-1194
Which task a social insect worker engages in is influenced by the worker’s age, genotype and the colony’s needs. In the honeybee,
Apis mellifera, genotype influences both the age a worker switches tasks and its propensity of engaging in specialist tasks, such as water
collecting, which only some workers will perform. In this study, we used colonies with natural levels of genetic diversity
and manipulated colony age demography to drastically increase the stimuli for the generalist tasks of foraging and nursing,
which all workers are thought to engage in at some point in their lives. We examined the representation of worker patrilines
engaged in nursing and foraging before and after the perturbation. The representation of patrilines among foragers and nurses
differed from that of their overall colony’s population. In the case of foraging, over- and underrepresentation of some patrilines
was not simply due to differences in rates of development among patrilines. We show that replacement foragers tend to be drawn
from patrilines that were overrepresented among foragers before the perturbation, suggesting that there is a genetic component
to the tendency to engage in foraging. In contrast, the representation of patrilines in replacement nurses differed from that
in the unperturbed nursing population. Our results show that there is a genetic influence on even the generalist tasks of
foraging and nursing, and that the way patrilines in genetically diverse colonies respond to increases in task stimuli depends
upon the task. The possible significance of this genetic influence on task allocation is discussed.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at doi: and is accessible to authorized users. 相似文献
158.
Despite the vast literature on male courtship behaviour, little is known about the function and information content of female courtship behaviour. Female courtship behaviour may be important in many species, particularly where both sexes invest heavily in the offspring, and if such behaviours contain honest information regarding a females potential reproductive investment, they may be particularly important in male mate choice. Using observations of two female courtship behaviours (the rush and the twitch) from experimental pairings in the Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni), I addressed the question of whether these courtship behaviours contained information on female reproductive output (clutch weight) and egg maturity (proximity to spawning), traits commonly associated with male mate choice. I especially focused on the importance of these courtship behaviours in relation to other female characters, such as size and condition, using multiple regression. I found that one of these behaviours, the rush, was strongly associated with fecundity, whereas size, condition and the twitch were not. Further, I found that the twitch behaviour was associated with how close to actual spawning a female was. The results suggest that female courtship behaviour may convey highly important information in a mate choice context. I discuss the adaptive value of honest information in female courtship behaviour in light of these results.Communicated by K. Lindström 相似文献
159.
不同生育期遮荫对番茄氮素分配的影响 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
以番茄为材料,研究了不同生长阶段(开花早期、盛花期和开花后期)夏季午间不同光照强度(不遮荫,40%遮荫和75%遮荫)对氮素在番茄各器官中分配的影响。结果显示,遮荫不影响开花早期和盛花期叶片氮的含量及其分配效应,但40%遮荫使开花后期叶片中氮的含量增加,叶、茎、茬中氮的分配指数高于开花早期和盛花期。这表明,在开花后期适度遮荫有利于氮优先分配给叶组织,改善番茄氮素状况,增加开花后期番茄的经济产量,在设施栽培中具有一定实际意义。图3表1参21。 相似文献
160.
Simultaneous hermaphrodites are predicted to optimally divide resources between male and female function, which can result in both size-dependent mating behaviors and conflict between potential mates. Predicted strategies include size-assortative mating, conditional exchange of gametes, and mating patterns where relative size affects investment in each sexual role. This study investigated the effect of body size on the mating strategies of a hermaphroditic opisthobranch, Bulla gouldiana. Although individuals were spatially aggregated in the field with high levels of movement and size variation, there was little evidence for predictions. Laboratory experiments, however, revealed complicated effects of mass on the probability and duration of mating, as well as gender choice. Pairs were more likely to mate if they included at least one large animal, with the larger animal typically inseminating the smaller. When both individuals were large, they were more likely to each mate in both sexual roles by switching roles once. Although B. gouldiana did not usually alternate between sexual roles multiple times within mating events, paired individuals behaved similarly (neither or both mating as sperm donors) more often than expected by chance. This suggests some level of reciprocity, which is unlikely to be conditional given rates of unilateral mating. When the larger member of the mating pair inseminated the smaller, the duration of insemination increased with the size of the smaller sperm recipient. Copulations lasted longer in pairs that switched sexual roles than in those that did not switch roles. This study suggests that variation in body size can lead to size-dependent mating patterns, but only some of the patterns in B. gouldiana support theoretical predictions. We review other studies that have addressed similar issues, providing inconsistent mating patterns in sperm-storing hermaphrodites. 相似文献