北京市湿地面积动态变化及其驱动因子分析

在研究了北京市湿地面积赋存量与降雨量、上游水资源量、地下水资源量、城建区面积和GDP等因素的基础上,试图找出影响湿地赋存面积的主要因素,以期为湿地的合理规划和管理提供科学依据。结果显示,北京市湿地动态变化存在显著的自然和人为方面的驱动力因素,自然因素如降雨量,上游来水量和地下水资源量为湿地的退化提供了内在动因,而人类的城市化活动如建成区面积和经济开发则加速了湿地的退化和转化;主成份分析结果显示,第一、第二主成份的累积贡献率92.73%,第一主成份与入境水量、地下水量和降雨量有较大的正相关,贡献度高达93.2%以上;第二主成份与建成区面有较大的正相关,贡献度高达96.6%。     

气候变化·城市化·长江三角洲

长江三角洲,是中国经济社会最发达、人口和产业最密集、发展最具活力的地区之一,正在成长为具有重要国际影响的世界级城市群,在中国经济社会发展中具有举足轻重的地位。长江三角洲的城市化与建设环境互为影响。一方面,用2008年数据概括了长江三角洲城市化现状特征,重点分析了长江三角洲城市化的发展趋势是城市化过程进一步加速;另一方面,综述了常见三角洲海平面上升研究,在未来20 a长江三角洲海平面上升估计将达到220～380 mm;在未来50 a,长江三角洲海平面上升保守的估计将达到270~610 mm。未来气候变化导致海平面上升,必然对长江三角洲城市化过程造成影响,主要是：土地淹没面积大,洪涝灾害加剧,影响生产和能源,以及进一步滋生环境问题。     

江苏省城市化战略调整研究

改革开放以来,江苏省城市化水平迅速提高,一直处于全国城市化发展的前列,对全国城市化水平的提高发挥了积极的示范作用。近些年来,江苏省城市化发展在空间格局及动力机制等方面出现了一些新的特征,表现为：大中城市成为城市化人口的主要集聚区,城市化的区域差异不断缩小,城市化发展动力也日趋多元化。同时,江苏省城市化仍然面临着区域差异显著、集聚效应不强、公共服务能力不高、资源环境压力较大等不可回避的问题。随着中国经济增长模式的转型,江苏省城市化战略将会发生适应性的调整。指出以城市土地空间扩张及城市数量增加为主的城市化道路已经基本不适应江苏省新时期新战略的要求,进而提出了今后一段时间全省城市化战略重点的调整方向,即质量提升战略、统筹协调战略及空间优化战略     

我国城市化与碳排放的实证研究

根据1995～2008年我国30个省市的面板数据,采用STIRPAT模型分析城市化对碳排放的影响。结果显示：我国城市化的推进导致碳排放量的增加,碳排放增加速度高于城市化本身的增加速度,城市化进程会继续放大碳排放量的增加;城市化水平的二次项系数为正,意味着还不存在环境的库兹涅茨曲线。同时,为了考察中国地区间发展的异质性,根据城市化水平由高到低分成4组区域,针对不同地区,进行实证分析。发现地区的城市化水平基数越低,城市化进程对碳排放的影响也就越大;地区的城市化推进速度越快,城市化进程对碳排放的影响也就越大;而且,产业结构和能源强度也是碳排放的重要决定因素。鉴于此,提出了若干政策建议     

Using nighttime light data to estimate water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas

Urbanization has a great impact on urban evapotranspiration. Water evaporation inside buildings is an important part of urban water vapor resources and a crucial core of urban hydrological processes. The systematic studies on building water evaporation (BWE) are mostly the method of experimental monitoring. This study proposed a new method to simulate and estimate water evaporation flux inside buildings in urban areas. Based on the nighttime light data and urban per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a new modeling system was built to simulate the total BWE. Building area was calculated using the nighttime light data. And the BWE coefficient D_f was estimated according to the important indicator of economic development per capita GDP value. Then the water evaporation inside urban buildings and the spatial distribution of water evaporation inside buildings in typical cities could be obtained. The results showed that the total amount of water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas was 24.5 billion m³. Among the 31 provincial capitals in China, Shanghai had the largest BWE of 1.08 billion m³. The minimum water evaporation of buildings in Lhasa was 20.0 million m³. Studies of BWE can assess urban water budgets, support on-demand allocation of water resources, and provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between water resources and energy heat island effects in urban areas.     

快速城镇化三角洲地区高碘地下水赋存特征及驱动因素:以珠江三角洲为例

沿海城镇化地区地下水中碘来源复杂,高碘地下水对生活饮用水安全存在潜在威胁.以城镇化快速发展的珠江三角洲为研究区,运用数理统计和主成分分析等方法探讨了珠江三角洲不同含水层和不同城镇化水平地区浅层地下水中碘的赋存特征及驱动因素.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水ρ(I-)介于未检出～2.34 mg·L-1,主要以I-的形式存在.研...     

Using Nonprofit Narratives and News Media Framing to Depict Air Pollution in Delhi,India

How is the air pollution issue in Delhi framed by the news media and narrated by nonprofit organizations? To study news media framing, we employed an inductive approach based on automated text coding of news coverage of the issue. To study nonprofit organization narrations, a deductive approach guided by the Narrative Policy Framework was used to focus on the stories told via online documents as found on nonprofit websites. The findings confirm existing theory and empirical research regarding the leading causes and effects of air pollution; however, perceptions are mixed regarding the government’s ability to implement policy. The combined deductive and inductive approaches provide a systematic and multi-method research study for understanding perceptions of air pollution in one of the largest cities in the world. The result is a depiction of the priorities that influence public opinions, political decisions, and eventually public policies.     

Comparison of Macroinvertebrate‐Derived Stream Quality Metrics Between Snag and Riffle Habitats1

Abstract: We compared benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at snag and riffle habitats in 43 Wisconsin streams across a range of watershed urbanization using a variety of stream quality metrics. Discriminant analysis indicated that dominant taxa at riffles and snags differed; Hydropsychid caddisflies (Hydropsyche betteni and Cheumatopsyche spp.) and elmid beetles (Optioservus spp. and Stenemlis spp.) typified riffles, whereas isopods (Asellus intermedius) and amphipods (Hyalella azteca and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) predominated in snags. Analysis of covariance indicated that samples from snag and riffle habitats differed significantly in their response to the urbanization gradient for the Hilsenhoff biotic index (BI), Shannon’s diversity index, and percent of filterers, shredders, and pollution intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) at each stream site (p ≤ 0.10). These differences suggest that although macroinvertebrate assemblages present in either habitat type are sensitive to detecting the effects of urbanization, metrics derived from different habitats should not be intermixed when assessing stream quality through biomonitoring. This can be a limitation to resource managers who wish to compare water quality among streams where the same habitat type is not available at all stream locations, or where a specific habitat type (i.e., a riffle) is required to determine a metric value (i.e., BI). To account for differences in stream quality at sites lacking riffle habitat, snag‐derived metric values can be adjusted based on those obtained from riffles that have been exposed to the same level of urbanization. Comparison of nonlinear regression equations that related stream quality metric values from the two habitat types to percent watershed urbanization indicated that snag habitats had on average 30.2 fewer percent EPT individuals, a lower diversity index value than riffles, and a BI value of 0.29 greater than riffles.     

城市化进程中郑州市区人居环境质量变化研究

随着城市化的快速发展,城市人居环境问题越来越受到人们的普遍关注。在广泛听取专家意见的基础上选取人居环境质量评价指标,建立了城市人居环境质量评价指标体系。该指标体系分5个方面,包括社会经济发展程度、环境优美程度、资源承载程度、生活便利程度和公共设施建设程度。通过对评价指标量化分级,利用层次分析法确定权重后,对郑州市区最近5年的人居环境质量进行了评价,运用灰色系统GM(1,1)模型对郑州市区的人居环境质量进行了预测。结果表明,郑州市的人居环境整体不高,但是在城市化进程中郑州市的人居环境一直呈正向发展。     

广义城市生态安全研究

随着城市化的进程不断加快,学术界对城市生态安全的重视程度也日益增强。基础型和传统型城市生态安全理论完全围绕自然生态安全,鲜有从城市经济生态安全、城市社会生态安全角度进行探讨,笔者以城市自然生态安全为基本立足点,拓展了城市生态安全的定义和范畴,提出广义城市生态安全的概念,并对城市经济和社会生态安全进行了探讨。