Are behavioural trade-offs all they seem? Counter-intuitive resolution of the conflict between two behaviours

The understanding of trade-offs between behaviours is fundamental to the study of animal behaviour. Individuals may often be faced with the choice of which of two mutually incompatible behaviours to perform. Here, I present a model investigating the trade-off between two behaviours, where one of the behaviours is crucial to the success of the other. I illustrate the results with examples, considering particularly a trade-off between territorial defence and courtship. I investigate how the ability of an individual to perform the behaviours changes the time or energy allocated to each behaviour. Intuition suggests that the time invested in performing a behaviour should decline as the individuals ability to perform the behaviour increases. Explicit, quantitative modelling suggests that this is not always the case. Instead, we see a pattern where investment in one of the behaviours at first increases and then decreases as the ability to perform the behaviour increases. This finding has implications for the empirical study of trade-offs between behaviours, since it could appear that individual ability has no effect on the trade-off under consideration. I discuss potential methods for distinguishing whether time allocation changes in a counter-intuitive, non-monotonic way with increasing individual ability, or whether there is indeed no effect.Communicated by C. St. Mary     

Foraging ability in the scorpionfly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panorpa vulgaris</Emphasis>: individual differences and heritability

According to indicator models of sexual selection, mates may obtain indirect, i.e. genetic, benefits from choosing partners indicating high overall genetic quality by honest signals. In the scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris, both sexes show mating preferences on the basis of the condition of the potential partners. Females prefer males that produce nuptial gifts (i.e. salivary secretions) during copulation, while males invest more nuptial gifts in females of high nutritional status. Both characters, males' ability to produce nuptial gifts and high nutritional status of females, are known to be reliable indicators of foraging ability. Thus, besides possible direct benefits, both sexes might also obtain indirect benefits in terms of “good foraging genes” by their choice and thereby increase the fitness of their offspring. A prerequisite for this possibility is the heritability of the respective trait. In the present study, we estimated the repeatability and the heritability of foraging ability. Our results indicate (1) a significant repeatability of individual foraging efficiencies in males and females and (2) a heritable component of this trait by a significant parent–offspring regression. These findings suggest that genetic benefits in terms of increased offspring foraging ability might contribute to selection for mating preferences in both sexes.     

基于生态足迹的生态经济评价方法研究——以江苏省阜宁县为例

一个国家或地区的作物生产是通过轮作进行的，某些地区存在耕地的弃耕现象。Wackernagel生态足迹方法没有考虑复种的影响，耕地类生态足迹核算结果实际是播种面积，而生态承载力核算得到的是耕地面积，因此，二者不具有可比性，生态足迹盈余核算存在逻辑性错误。从理论角度采用复种指数修正耕地类生态足迹，使核算结果为耕地面积，增强了生态足迹和生态承载力的可比性。用改进的生态足迹核算方法，分析了阜宁县区域生态经济系统1995~2003年的生态供需状况及发展能力变动趋势，采用生态足迹盈余强度评价区域可持续发展能力。1995~2003年，阜宁县人均生态足迹从1.120 7 hm2增加到2.434 0 hm2，人均生态承载力变化较小，人均生态赤字从0.815 3 hm2增加为2.017 2 hm2，发展能力由1.226 5增加为3.140 7，生态足迹盈余强度由-1.226 5增强为-0.495 7 hm2。基于改进的生态足迹核算方法得到的发展能力和人均GDP之间的相关系数大于Wackernagel方法所得结果，表明改进的生态足迹方法能更好地反映区域社会经济状况。     

对高职创业教育的思考

当代科学技术的发展和社会经济结构、就业结构的变化,急切呼唤各类职业技术院校开展创业教育,培养创业型人才.创业教育是培养学生的创业意识、创业个性品质、创业能力,使其具有创业者人格的教育.在实施教育过程中,让学生具有正确的思想动力是前提,提高创业能力是根本、方法得当、措施得力是保证.开展创业教育,有助于素质教育的全面推进.     

The clustering conditions for managing creative tourism destinations: the Alqueva region case,Portugal

The paper discusses conditions and format of a cluster model to support the management of a potential creative tourism destination in a setting where regional cross-sectoral collaboration is lacking. Creative tourism development requires a flexible framework and a healthy collaboration environment, more so when associated with resources shared by several stakeholders. This article focuses on the tourism potential of archaeological knowledge discovered during the environmental impact assessment of the Alqueva dam (Alentejo, Portugal). Interviews were conducted with 38 regional actors in the tourism and heritage sectors, as well as the dam developers and the companies responsible for archaeological interventions. Findings indicate that the lack of specific local policy addressing archaeological heritage hampers its potential use for tourism development, which is further aggravated by the absence of stakeholder communication and cooperation. A conceptual cluster model for the management of creative tourism destinations based on heritage resources and other local resources is proposed.     

典型钢渣的易磨性和胶凝活性分析

分析了25家钢铁企业转炉和电炉钢渣的易磨性和胶凝活性,分析结果表明,钢渣中的一些含铁物相,如橄榄石、铁酸钙类物质属于难磨物相,而RO相相对易磨,电炉氧化渣比转炉渣易磨,热闷渣比热泼渣易磨;碱度≥1.8的转炉钢渣的胶凝活性较好,能符合GB/T 20491—2006《用于水泥和混凝土中的钢渣粉》中规定的二级钢渣粉的活性指数要求,而电炉渣由于碱度偏低,胶凝活性较差。     

基于ANP和改进TOPSIS的城轨网络应急能力决策优化

应急能力决策优化是城市轨道交通网络应急管理中的关键问题。从防御、预警、救援和恢复4个方面,针对网络化运营组织的特点,系统分析城轨网络应急能力的影响因素,并利用网络层次分析法(ANP),建立影响因素间的关联关系,通过构建超矩阵,利用超级决策软件(SD)计算得到考虑关联关系的各影响因素客观权重。其次,将各因素客观权重加入逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)模型中,通过计算城轨网络中各线路的相对贴近度,构建城轨网络应急能力决策优化模型。结合具体算例指出城轨网络应急能力的关键影响因素,以及在应急能力方面存在的问题,并提出决策优化建议。     

基于活性污泥絮体微观参数的污泥沉降性能判别

针对活性污泥沉降性检测仍采用人工检测污泥容积指数(SVI)的现状,采用活性污泥絮体微观图像分析技术,以实现对污泥沉降性简单、快速的判别.将20个微观参数通过主成分分析归纳为3个污泥絮体微观特征综合指标,即大小因子、形态因子和浓度因子,并以3个综合指标建立污泥沉降性能Fisher判别模型,再分别以原始训练样本数据和2座污水厂3个月的检测数据作为测试样本对模型可靠程度进行检验.结果发现,判别正确率分别为79.8%和80.6%.研究表明,模型判别结果较为直观,能直接表达为"正常"或"膨胀",可为实现污泥沉降性的在线自动判别提供技术基础.     

一种复合菌制剂对富营养化污水的净化作用研究

以高效去除COD为主要指标,从南昌市区富营养化的鱼塘淤泥水和猪场废水混合液中分离筛选出4株目的菌株,发现其中以NCG1菌株的去除活性最好.经生理生化鉴定和16SrRNA序列分析,初步鉴定NCG1为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri).同时,采用另一株具有高效去除无机盐氮能力的菌株C-4与菌株NCG1复合培养,建立了两株菌的复合培养方法.结果表明,与单菌相比,复合菌综合了单菌的优良去除活性,在对合成废水的处理中,72h后废水中NH4+-N、NO3--N和COD的去除率分别达84.4%、86.91%和81.36%.研究表明,生产的复合菌剂在对富营养化池塘污水样品的处理中显示出良好的效能.     

我国基层环境监测分析能力的思考

面对基层环境监测应急能力有限、数据处理自动化水平低、自动监控设备不全、人员素质有待提高的问题，提出应通过人才培养、增加投资、搞好自动化建设、重视标准技术规范和质量保证体系的建设等手段有效提高基层环境监测分析能力。