基于可追溯系统的农产品生产企业质量安全信用评价指标体系构建

以主导性、定性与定量相结合为指导原则,从政府监管角度出发,构建一种农产品生产企业质量安全信用评价指标体系,该体系包括:2 层评价因素集即第一层为包括企业资质、质量检测、产品追溯、消费者反馈4个因素的主因素层,第二层包括14个因子;采用层次分析法,通过两两比较的方式确定层次中诸要素的相对重要性,再转为对各元素的整体权重进行排序判断,最后确立各元素的权重.该指标体系的建立为进行质量安全信用评价提供了理论方法和技术手段.     

温室气体自愿性减排市场现状及其在中国的前景

自愿性减排（Voluntary emission reduction,VER）是指完全出于自愿的、相关法律没有要求或者超过法律要求的温室气体或者大气污染物的减排行为,是近年来最重要的温室气体减排的新兴形式之一。本文概述了自愿性减排与自愿性碳市场（Voluntary carbon markets）的特征,从目前国际上自愿碳市场的交易变化、采用标准、登记与交易等方面总结了自愿性碳交易演变趋势,探讨了我国自愿碳市场发展中存在的问题和前景,并提出了相应建议。     

Where Did the Agricultural Nonpoint Source Trades Go? Lessons from Virginia Water Quality Trading Programs

Governmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and agricultural organizations promote water quality trading programs as an innovative policy to engage agricultural producers in conservation activities. Cost analyses suggest regulated sources can reduce compliance costs by purchasing agricultural nonpoint source credits. Yet, such “point‐nonpoint” trades are rare. This article assesses the demand for agricultural nonpoint sources in well‐developed nutrient trading programs in Virginia for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants, municipal stormwater programs, and land developers. Evidence suggests nutrient trading programs in Virginia will not stimulate investments in pollutant reduction practices on working agricultural lands. The lack of demand for agricultural nonpoint source credits can be attributed to a substantial degree to the design features and incentives present in multiple overlapping regulatory programs. The legal setting that dampens regulated source demand for nonpoint source credits in Virginia is broadly representative of conditions found elsewhere in the United States.     

Reduction in ecological cost through biofuel production from cooking oils: An ecological solution for the city of Campinas, Brazil

The aim of the present study was to produce biodiesel from mixtures of cooking oil and provide a possible environmental solution for the region of Campinas (state of São Paulo, Brazil) based on the theory of environmental cost accounting (ECA). Cooking oil collected from homes in Campinas was mixed with ethanol at a ratio of 7:1 and transesterified at 60 °C for one hour for the obtainment of biodiesel using NaOH as a catalyst. The results of the physicochemical analyses demonstrated that the biodiesel possessed characteristics close to those required by Brazilian standards. A recent survey carried out in the city of Campinas revealed that residents are not concerned with the increased of environmental impact and ecological costs in the region caused by the disposal of used cooking oil, which is discarded in sewers and soil. Urgent action is recommended, beginning with raising awareness among the population and the implementation of a policy to determine the storage, periodic collection and use of cooking oil for the production of biodiesel. This fuel could be used for buses, trucks and machines or sold to fuel distributors, offering a savings of US$ 0.8 to 4.5 millions. Campinas could then gain environmental credits and become a sustainable city. Moreover, used cooking oil constitutes low-cost biodiesel with no consumption of raw materials and will reduce worldwide criticism directed at Brazil regarding the use of oleaginous plants for biodiesel production.     

Calculating Biologically Accurate Mitigation Credits: Insights from the California Tiger Salamander

Abstract:  Current conservation mitigation plans often fail to ensure full in-kind habitat replacement for endangered species, which suggests the need for improved methods for calculating mitigation credits. A simple, yet biologically meaningful method for calculating mitigation credits would be to let the number of mitigation credits assigned to a parcel of land scale with the reproductive value of the individuals occupying that parcel. This can be accomplished by dividing the population into 2 or more subdivisions with different reproductive values, calculating the densities of these subdivisions as a function of one or more habitat parameters, and then forming a weighted sum of these densities such that each density distribution is weighted by the reproductive value of its respective subdivision of the population. This weighted sum is the density distribution of reproductive value, and by integrating it over a particular parcel, one can determine the mitigation value of that parcel. We carried out this procedure for a population of California tiger salamanders ( Ambystoma californiense ), with distance from breeding site as our habitat parameter and the 3 visually identifiable age classes (adults, juveniles, and metamorphs) as our population subdivisions. This led to a density distribution of reproductive value that decreased exponentially with increasing distance from a breeding site. Mitigation strategies derived from this function will be more likely to ensure the persistence of California tiger salamander populations than current approaches, which assign all land within 1.6 km of a breeding site the same mitigation value. Use of the density distribution of reproductive value as a basis for mitigation plans is a procedure that can be applied to all endangered species, and it should improve the quality of mitigation decisions.     

贵州省发展绿色金融的思考与建议

本文主要研究的是作为内陆省份的贵州长期经济欠发达,工业落后,金融产业也没有得到蓬勃发展,而近几年兴起的"绿色金融",即将环境保护、可持续发展纳入银行贷款及审批过程,有望改善贵州的金融行业现状,并促使其得到健康持续的发展。当然,发展"绿色金融"也有赖于政府的牵头与推动,完善银行准入及考核机制,并制定推出相关法律法规。本文从贵州的金融发展现状展开分析,并对"绿色金融"的概念与目前的发展现状进行梳理探讨,最后提出发展"绿色金融"的几点建议以供参考。     

对我国商业银行理性发展住房信贷业务的探讨

随着国家宏观调控政策的不断出台,商业银行作为房地产业的主要融资部门,作为政策的执行者之一,为了房地产业的健康发展,应在防范风险的前提下,理性地发展住房信贷业务.     

中国的生态服务消费与生态债务研究

人类无节制的消费正在耗尽自然生态资本,危及未来繁荣。1980—2005年,尽管生物生产力提高途径使中国人均生物承载力倍增至1.15 ghm2,但由于社会经济代谢对生态服务需求的强烈增长特别是化石能源消费的快速增长,人均生态债务持续扩大,2005年达到1.02 ghm2。我们的生态足迹已经超出生物更新能力的89%。省份尺度上,中国85%以上的省份长期处于生态负债状态,目前仅海南、福建与西藏三省是生态盈余的。中国及其大多数省份的生态债务本质上属于软债务,主要系生态服务供需存在空间的、时间的以及组分结构的矛盾造成的。这部分债务可通过跨区贸易及跨时占用的途径得以缓解。土地资源赋存约束与经济旺盛增长耦合作用,致使生态信贷紧缩已成为中国的一个全国性挑战。在自然资本普遍成为世界各国发展限制因子的背景下,中国全面推行科学发展观,积极扭转生态信贷紧缩,遏止生态衰退。     

Sociopolitical Conditions for Successful Water Quality Trading in the South Nation River Watershed,Ontario, Canada1

O’Grady, Dennis, 2011. Sociopolitical Conditions for Successful Water Quality Trading in the South Nation River Watershed, Ontario, Canada. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):39‐51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00511.x Abstract: The South Nation River watershed has a regulated water quality trading program. Legally, wastewater dischargers must not discharge any increased loading of phosphorus (P) into receiving waters. New wastewater systems are now choosing trading instead of traditional P removal technology, and point source dischargers are buying P credits from rural landowners, primarily farmers. These credits are generated by constructing nonpoint source pollution control measures. Mathematical formulae are used to calculate the credits of P removed by each measure. A successful trading program requires several conditions, including community agreement, legislative backing, credit and cost certainty, simplified delivery and verification, written instruments, and legal liability protection. South Nation Conservation, a community‐based watershed organization, is the broker handling the transactions for these P credits. The program is run by a multi‐stakeholder committee, and all project field visits are done by farmers and not paid professionals. An independent evaluation showed higher opinions for the broker and regulatory agency, and most farmers were willing to, or had already, recommended the program to other farmers.     

Lasso-Cox模型在个人信用风险评估中的应用

借鉴Lasso模型和Cox模型的优点创建Lasso-Cox模型,用以评估个人借款者的信用风险,并利用个人借款者的数据进行实证分析,比较不同模型的预测精度。结果表明:(1)单一Cox模型的预测准确度高于Logistic回归模型,而Lasso-Cox模型的预测精度达95.76%,远高于单一Cox模型。(2)考虑宏观环境对个人经济的影响,发现将宏观变量纳入模型后预测精度有明显的提升,其中Lasso-Cox模型预测精度高达98.88%。