中国绿色信贷成本收益核算研究

为充分识别、量化和评估绿色信贷的成本与收益,本文从银行和社会两个角度,梳理绿色信贷的直接（间接）成本和直接（间接）收益的类型和内涵,提出全面核算绿色信贷成本与收益的一般框架,以我国21家主要商业银行2013—2017年绿色信贷实施情况为例探讨了该框架的可行性。依据该核算框架对银行的直接成本和收益、社会的直接收益进行了定量核算,对银行的间接成本和收益、社会的直接和间接成本、社会间接收益进行了定性分析。结果表明：多数商业银行施行绿色信贷能带来利润;近半数银行的绿色信贷项目收益率在全行信贷项目平均收益率之上;核算期内绿色信贷节能减排的环境效益累计达1.03万亿元,平均每万元绿色信贷投放带来253元环境效益。本文为实现绿色信贷影响的综合分析、绿色信贷环境外部性内生化提供了科学的分析方法,对政府和商业银行实施绿色信贷政策具有重要意义。     

Where Did the Agricultural Nonpoint Source Trades Go? Lessons from Virginia Water Quality Trading Programs

Governmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and agricultural organizations promote water quality trading programs as an innovative policy to engage agricultural producers in conservation activities. Cost analyses suggest regulated sources can reduce compliance costs by purchasing agricultural nonpoint source credits. Yet, such “point‐nonpoint” trades are rare. This article assesses the demand for agricultural nonpoint sources in well‐developed nutrient trading programs in Virginia for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants, municipal stormwater programs, and land developers. Evidence suggests nutrient trading programs in Virginia will not stimulate investments in pollutant reduction practices on working agricultural lands. The lack of demand for agricultural nonpoint source credits can be attributed to a substantial degree to the design features and incentives present in multiple overlapping regulatory programs. The legal setting that dampens regulated source demand for nonpoint source credits in Virginia is broadly representative of conditions found elsewhere in the United States.     

基于可追溯系统的农产品生产企业质量安全信用评价指标体系构建

以主导性、定性与定量相结合为指导原则,从政府监管角度出发,构建一种农产品生产企业质量安全信用评价指标体系,该体系包括:2层评价因素集即第一层为包括企业资质、质量检测、产品追溯、消费者反馈4个因素的主因素层,第二层包括14个因子;采用层次分析法,通过两两比较的方式确定层次中诸要素的相对重要性,再转为对各元素的整体权重进行排序判断,最后确立各元素的权重。该指标体系的建立为进行质量安全信用评价提供了理论方法和技术手段。     

完善环境政策体系 控制环境污染形势

目前,我国总体环境形势可概括为：局部地区和行业的部分环境指标有所改善,环境恶化状况未得到根本遏制,环境形势依然十分严峻,未来的环境压力将继续加大。要想从根本上解决问题,就必须从实际出发,加强应对污染事故的机制建设,建立环境保护长效机制。其中,极为重要的一环是完善环境政策、法规、标准、制度体系。     

重庆市企业环境信用评价体系建设存在的问题及解决路径研究

目前,建设完善的可操作性强且适合重庆的企业环境信用评价体系是健全重庆市市场经济体制、防范经济金融风险的需要,是重庆市社会信用体系建设的重要内容,也是"诚信重庆"建设的重要环节.通过对重庆市企业环境信用评价体系进行分析,指出了评价体系中存在的评价指标不合理、评价周期长、公众参与度不够、评价结果公信力不足等问题,并从建立评价指标与管理成效响应关系、提高评价过程透明度、加大评价结果运用等方面提出了建立完善重庆市企业环境信用评价体系的解决路径.     

浅析应收账款信用政策的评估

企业在改变销售政策或在几种政策中做出选择时,要权衡增加的收益和相关的成本,做出正确的决策.赊销效果的好坏,取决于企业的信用政策,包括信用期间、信用标准、现金折扣等.对信用政策中各项指标的评估,重要项目的重点估算,使应收账款的管理更加有效.     

Status of Species Conservation Banking in the United States

Abstract:  Receiving financial gains for protecting habitat may be necessary to proactively protect endangered species in the United States. Species conservation banking, the creation and trading of "credits" that represent biodiversity values on private land, is nearly a decade old. We detail the biological, financial, and political experience of conservation banking in the United States. We contacted agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and bank owners and compiled comprehensive accounts of the experiences of current banks. There are 76 properties identified as conservation banks in the United States, but only 35 of these are established under a conservation banking agreement approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The 35 official conservation banks cumulatively cover 15,987 ha and shelter a range of biodiversity, including more than 22 species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Financial motives drove the establishment of 91% of conservation banks, and the majority of for-profit banks are breaking even or making money. With credit prices ranging from $3,000 to $125,000/0.41 ha (1 acre), banking agreements offer financial incentives that compete with development and provide a business-based argument for conserving habitat. Although the bureaucracy of establishing an agreement with the USFWS was burdensome, 63% of bank owners reported they would set up another agreement given the appropriate opportunity. Increasing information sharing, decreasing the time to establish agreements (currently averaging 2.18 years), and reducing bureaucratic challenges can further increase the amount of private property voluntarily committed to banking. Although many ecological uncertainties remain, conservation banking offers at least a partial solution to the conservation versus development conflict over biodiversity.     

构建环保信用档案势在必行

本文着重论述了建立环保信用档案的重要性、必要性；构筑诚信理念，加强诚信建设的紧迫性；鲜明地提出了构建环保信用档案的历史必然。     

改善信息环境,促进企业征信行业的发展

企业征信行业的存在和发展是进一步规范我国市场经济秩序的保证,也是我国加入WTO与国际接轨的需要.我国征信行业刚刚起步,在发展过程中存在很多困难和问题,其中最大的问题就在于信息环境方面的缺陷,如资信信息数据库的缺失和封锁、有关法律的缺位等.这一核心问题严重制约着企业征信行业的发展,因此必须改善信息环境,即完善资信信息数据库的建设、规范企业征信公司行为,以此促进企业征信行业的发展.     

区块链技术在碳交易体系中的应用研究

完善碳交易市场,优化碳交易机制是我国实现“双碳”目标的重要保障。为解决我国传统中心化碳交易市场中存在的交易低效、监管困难、行政干预过度等机制性问题,本文在剖析碳交易流程功能需求和区块链技术适用性的基础上,提出了一套基于区块链技术的去中心化、自动化、可信任的创新碳交易体系构建方案。首先从整体层面出发,依据实际业务场景设计了基于 Fabric联盟链的碳交易区块链总体架构,然后对交易体系进行细分,从碳交易二级市场框架、碳交易方法、碳交易监管、碳交易激励与惩罚四个维度探讨了身份认证、智能合约、数据溯源、信用代币等区块链技术的具体应用方法。研究表明,区块链技术的引入推动了碳资源向数字凭证转化,实现了碳交易的自动化和智能化,提升了交易效率;链式数据结构和分布式共识机制扼杀了“舞弊”和“寻租”空间,为实时动态监管和协同监管创造了条件;碳交易信用代币的发行与应用提供了更为缓和的治理方式,避免了行政强制手段对市场的过度干预,优化了政府的治理能力,也进一步提升了碳交易的效率性和公平性。