Transvalued Species in an African Forest

Abstract: We combined ethnographic investigations with repeated ecological transect surveys in the Dzanga‐Sangha Dense Forest Reserve (RDS), Central African Republic, to elucidate consequences of intensifying mixed use of forests. We devised a framework for transvaluation of wildlife species, which means the valuing of species on the basis of their ecological, economic, and symbolic roles in human lives. We measured responses to hunting, tourism, and conservation of two transvalued species in RDS: elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Our methods included collecting data on encounter rates and habitat use on line transects. We recorded cross‐cultural variation in ideas about and interactions with these species during participant observation of hunting and tourism encounters and ethnographic interviews with hunters, conservation staff, researchers, and tourists. Ecologically, gorillas used human‐modified landscapes successfully, and elephants were more vulnerable than gorillas to hunting. Economically, tourism and encounters with elephants and gorillas generated revenues and other benefits for local participants. Symbolically, transvaluation of species seemed to undergird competing institutions of forest management that could prove unsustainable. Nevertheless, transvaluation may also offer alternatives to existing social hierarchies, thereby integrating local and transnational support for conservation measures. The study of transvaluation requires attention to transnational flows of ideas and resources because they influence transspecies interactions. Cross‐disciplinary in nature, transvalution of species addresses the political and economic challenges to conservation because it recognizes the varied human communities that shape the survival of wildlife in a given site. Transvaluation of species could foster more socially inclusive management and monitoring approaches attuned to competing economic demands, specific species behaviors, and human practices at local scales.     

The uses and implications of avian vocalizations for conservation planning

There is a growing recognition that animal behavior can affect wildlife conservation, but there have been few direct studies of animal behavior in conservation programs. However, a great deal of existing behavioral research can be applied in the context of conservation. Research on avian vocalizations provides an excellent example. The conspicuous nature of the vocal behavior of birds makes it a useful tool for monitoring populations and measuring biodiversity, but the importance of vocalizations in conservation goes beyond monitoring. Geographic song variants with population-specific signatures, or dialects, can affect territory formation and mate choice. Dialects are influenced by cultural evolution and natural selection and changes can accumulate even during the timescale of conservation interventions, such as translocations, reintroductions, and ex situ breeding. Information from existing research into avian vocalizations can be used to improve conservation planning and increase the success of interventions. Vocalizations can confer a number of benefits for conservation practitioners through monitoring, providing baseline data on populations and individuals. However, the influence of cultural variation on territory formation, mate choice, and gene flow should be taken into account because cultural differences could create obstacles for conservation programs that bring birds from multiple populations together and so reduce the success of interventions.     

高效絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及培养条件

从活性污泥中分离出36株菌株,培养、筛选得到具有絮凝活性的菌株9株,其中有一株絮凝活性较高,命名为B-8,同时考察了培养时间、温度、pH和碳源对絮凝效果的影响。结果表明,培养时间72h,最佳温度为37℃,pH为7.0,葡萄糖为最佳碳源时,该微生物所产生的絮凝剂的絮凝效果最好,絮凝率可达95.75%。     

我国城市森林文态保护和管理的探讨

森林具有经济、生态、社会和文化功能。森林文态与森林生态相对应,是指在森林的自然、生命系统的基础上形成的人文精神的综合。近年来,我国城市化率已由1993年的28%提高到2008年的45.68%,城市森林生态保护有了长足的发展,但也存在着对森林文态保护重视不够、相关管理滞后等问题。为了加强城市森林文态保护和管理,研究认为,我国社会经济发展已走向成熟推进和消费阶段,森林文态保护是未来城市森林发展的灵魂,尤其是随着我国城市化水平的提高,城市森林文态保护将越来越受到重视。研究最后建议,应把城市森林文态保护纳入森林立法和管理,加强城市森林发展规划,突出物质财富生产和精神财富生产的有机结合,促进城市森林文态保护和绿色文化的发展。     

以文化创意推动资源综合利用产业的发展

开展资源综合利用,推动循环经济发展,是我国经济和社会发展中一项长远的战略方针,是我国转变经济发展方式,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的重要措施。提升我国资源综合利用整体水平,无论是对改善环境还是对提高经济效益都是极其重要的。论述了以文化创意推动资源综合利用产业发展的意义,通过分析其现状,指出其存在问题,提出进一步以文化创意推动资源综合利用产业发展的建议。     

Local Cultural Knowledge and Water Resource Management: The Wind River Indian Reservation

Ecology and culture comprise interacting components of landscapes. Understanding the integrative nature of the landscape is essential to establish methods for sustainable management. This research takes as a unifying theme the idea that ecological and cultural issues can be incorporated through management. As a first step in developing integrative management strategies, information must be collected that compares and contrasts ecological and cultural issues to identify their areas of intersection. Specifically how can local cultural knowledge enable water resource management that reflects cultural and ecological values? This research examines Native American cultural knowledge for setting water resource management priorities in the Wind River Indian Reservation in central Wyoming. A cross-cultural approach is adopted to assess the relationship between indigenous cultural knowledge and Euro-American perspectives through a comparative examination of the Wind River Water Code and Wyoming Water Law. This research indicates that cultural perspectives provide a rich arena in which to examine management issues. Understanding and identifying cultural practices may be an important first step in collaborative resource management between different cultural groups to prevent conflict and lengthy resolution in court.     

关于安全意识的哲学研究

笔者从哲学角度 ,对安全意识的概念进行了剖析 ,探讨了安全意识的构成与运作机制 ,其中包括安全意识的结构以及安全意识的动力机制。在此基础上 ,提出了新世纪的安全观念 ,即拓展安全领域、以人为本 ,保障安全 ;以素质教育为本 ,加强安全文化宣传 ;以科技为本 ,创塑安全新貌 ,弘扬安全文化。     

高校旅游研究:现状·问题·建议——我国近十年高校旅游研究综述

高校旅游作为一种新的旅游方式，以其独特性日渐进入我国旅游市场。我国学者对高校旅游问题的研究，从提出至今已有十年时间。通过文献检索发现研究主要集中在高校旅游的概念界定、开发可行性、开发原则、资源类型、部分城市高校旅游发展评述、存在问题等几方面。在对现有文献予以分类和综述的同时，分析了当前研究存在的问题并提出相应的建议。     

聊城市新农村建设中的生态文明意识调查分析与评价研究

生态文明意识是建设社会主义生态文明的源动力和前提条件。以山东省聊城市为例,对8个县市区的20个社会主义新农村试点村和19个对照村进行了生态文明意识调查。调查内容包括生态文明认知度、农民环保态度、生态文明行为现状及生态文明建设的评价与期望四个部分。调查结果表明,与全省平均水平相比,聊城市社会主义新农村试点村申农民生态文明认知度有所提高,对照村处于较低水平。村民个体的社会主义新农村建设中的生态文明意识仍有待进一步提高。     

大学生旅游者环境意识水平调查研究

环境意识水平的提升能从根本上改变大学生旅游者传统的思维方式和价值观,内在自觉地规范旅游环境行为和实践活动。以南京林业大学为研究对象,以配额抽样法探讨大学生旅游者学科专业、性别因素对环境意识的影响,研究发现大学生旅游者表现出较好的环境态度和倾向,对旅游环境和生态知识的渴求和认知程度对其整体环境意识水平有较大影响,然而也存在着知行脱节,环境行为滞后于环境情感、意志的现象。应重视高校环境教育工作,努力提升大学生旅游者的环境意识水平。