流域水污染综合防治的生态效益分析

将模糊综合评价和pead生长曲线法引入到流域水污染防治的效益分析当中，建立了流域水污染防治的生态效益分析方法。以云南省寻甸县牛栏江小流域水污染综合防治规划为例，采用模糊数学法对水污染造成的水资源价值损失进行了估算，采用曲线法对水污染综合防治的生态价值进行分析，得刭水资源价值和生态价值分别为2730．3万元／年和491．45万元／年。最后将所有经济效益和费用贴现，计算效费比为3．68。分析结果可知，牛栏江小流域水污染综合防治具有良好的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益。     

流域开发的外部性及其内部化

流域是地表水的集水区域。流域问题的本质是水。水是可持续发展的基础和条件，是环境与发展问题的核心。流域开发是以水资源为先导和主体的综合资源开发。实现流域经济可持续发展实质就是实现流域水资源可持续开发和利用。外部性是流域开发的基本特征，水资源的特性决定了流域开发的外部性。实现流域开发的外部性内部化是流域经济可持续发展的关键。实现流域开发外部性内部化，必须界定流域资源产权，明确流域开发主体；建立税收－补贴体系，对水资源合理定价；坚持“排污者付费原则”；建立流域水资源市场，实现水资源资产化管理。同时，政府要加强流域的管理；建立健全水资源保护与流域开发的法律体系；普及保护环境和水资源的教育，建立节水观念；支持和鼓励流域开发企业实行外部成本内部化措施；调整产业结构，深化国有企业改革。     

历史抗生素胁迫改变磺胺甲唑和甲氧苄啶对活性污泥的影响:ARGs及其潜在宿主

抗生素共暴露对污水处理厂抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）及微生物群落聚集过程有着重要影响.然而,历史抗生素接触胁迫差异（遗留效应）是否能决定微生物和ARGs对抗生素复合污染的响应尚不清楚.通过选择高浓度（30 mg ·L^-1）磺胺甲唑（SMX）和甲氧苄啶（TMP）作为历史接触胁迫条件,探究SMX和TMP复合污染对ARGs、细菌群落及其交互作用的短期影响.基于高通量荧光定量PCR,共检测出13种ARGs,它们的绝对丰度介于2.21~5.42 copies ·μL^-1（对数值,以DNA计,下同）,其中sul2、ermB、mefA和tetM-01是样品中最主要的亚型,绝对丰度在2.95~5.40 copies ·μL^-1之间;SMX和TMP复合污染会引起ARGs和可移动基因元件（MGEs）的富集,但其对各亚型的影响不同,且SMX的历史遗留效应高于TMP;不同接触史的复合污染下,ARGs间的共现与互斥模式均存在;MGEs （尤其是intI-1）与磺胺类（sul1、sul2）、四环素类［tet （32）］和大环内酯-林可酰胺-链霉菌素类抗性基因（ermB）均呈显著正相关性;基于微生物全尺度分类发现各类群微生物群落结构对复合污染的响应不同,且条件丰富菌属（CAT）得到了显著富集;陶厄氏菌属（Thauera）、假黄单胞菌属（Pseudoxanthomonas）和副球菌属（Paracoccus）是优势的抗性菌属;网络分析共发现31个ARGs的潜在宿主,以条件稀有菌属（CRT）为主,尤其是Candidatus_Alysiosphaera和纺锤状菌属（Fusibacter）与多种ARGs呈现正相关,是多种ARGs的潜在公共细菌宿主;部分稀有菌属［RT,变异杆菌属（Variibacter）、气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）和管道杆菌属（Cloacibacterium）等］是转座子IS 613的潜在宿主,在ARGs的增殖传播中发挥重要作用.综上,研究揭示了污水处理系统中抗生素历史胁迫对ARGs赋存特征和及其宿主细胞的遗留效应,可为削减抗生素复合污染引起的ARGs污染提供新思路与理论依据.     

Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management

Abstract

Community-based watershed management is different from the traditional natural resources management. Traditional natural resources management is a way from up to bottom, but the community-based watershed management is from bottom to up. This approach focused on the joining of different stakeholders in integrated watershed management, especially the participation of the community who has been ignored in the past. The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the important basic definitions, concepts and operational framework for initiating community-based watershed management projects and programs as well as some successes and practical challenges associated with the approach.     

Key Features and Context‐Dependence of Fishery‐Induced Trophic Cascades

Abstract: Trophic cascades triggered by fishing have profound implications for marine ecosystems and the socioeconomic systems that depend on them. With the number of reported cases quickly growing, key features and commonalities have emerged. Fishery‐induced trophic cascades often display differential response times and nonlinear trajectories among trophic levels and can be accompanied by shifts in alternative states. Furthermore, their magnitude appears to be context dependent, varying as a function of species diversity, regional oceanography, local physical disturbance, habitat complexity, and the nature of the fishery itself. To conserve and manage exploited marine ecosystems, there is a pressing need for an improved understanding of the conditions that promote or inhibit the cascading consequences of fishing. Future research should investigate how the trophic effects of fishing interact with other human disturbances, identify strongly interacting species and ecosystem features that confer resilience to exploitation, determine ranges of predator depletion that elicit trophic cascades, pinpoint antecedents that signal ecosystem state shifts, and quantify variation in trophic rates across oceanographic conditions. This information will advance predictive models designed to forecast the trophic effects of fishing and will allow managers to better anticipate and avoid fishery‐induced trophic cascades.     

Structure of pathways in ecological networks: relationships between length and number

In ecosystems network, structure determines adjacent (direct) and non-adjacent (indirect) pathways over which energy, matter, and information can flow. The more pathways, the more possible ways the conservative substance can move in zero-sum transactions between network nodes that the pathways interconnect, and the more possible non-conservative, nonzero-sum relations can be secondarily derived from these. Structural analysis is a tool we employ, from a family of input–output methods for exploring zero- and nonzero-sum attributes of environmental networks, to count pathways of varying length between network nodes. In this paper, we examine the relationship between pathway length (k) and number (P_k) as determined by system size (n, number of nodes) and extent and pattern of connectance (C). We develop a measure (m_a) of pathway growth in numbers with increasing length, and then normalize this to the maximum rate possible (m_a/m_c) for a given system size. These measures apply to two pathway types—paths, m_a(0) and m_a(0)/m_c(0), which forbid adjacent node repetitions, and walks, m_a(1) and m_a(1)/m_c(1), which allow them. We find that network size has a curvilinear effect on the pathway number versus length relationship, and extent and pattern of connectance are convolved. Values computed for the paths and walks of three ecosystem models (oyster reef, freshwater marsh, and reservoir cove) are used to compare their pathway structure.     

HYDROCLIMATIC VARIABILITY IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS1

ABSTRACT: The spatial and temporal variability of hydroclimatic elements were investigated in the central and northern Rocky Mountains (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming) during the 1951–1985 period. The three hydroclimatic elements studied were total water-year (October 1-September 30) streamflow (ST), winter (October 1-March 31) accumulated precipitation (PR), and April 1 snowpack (SN). An analysis of 14 virgin watersheds showed wide spatial djfferences in the temporal variability of SN, PR, and ST, and these were found to be caused largely by basin exposure to moist air flows. The more stable (low variability) basins were those exposed to prevailing northerly to westerly flow, while unstable (high variability) basins were exposed to occasional southwesterly to southeasterly moist flow. Snowpack was the better indicator of ST in 11 of the 14 watersheds, explaining 37 to 87 percent of the ST variance. Analysis of the spatial variability, based on all SN and PR data from across the study area, revealed 11 discrete climatic regions. Both SN and PR exhibited coherent regions of stable and unstable temporal variability. The average variability between stable and unstable regions differed by a factor of two, and the differences were best explained by the exposure of the mountain barrier to moist air flows.     

乌江干流中上游水电梯级开发水温累积效应

以乌江流域洪家渡库尾至乌江渡坝下的水电工程干扰典型段为研究区域，利用建坝前后的水温实测资料，采用建坝前天然水温和建坝后下泄水温比较法，对乌江干流梯级水库水温时空分布特征进行分析。研究结果表明：对天然水温改变最大的电站为洪家渡和乌江渡，前者是受水库水温结构自身影响，后者是梯级联合运行的结果；梯级联合运行使库区水温分层有所减弱，随着时间的推移或上游梯级电站的建成，电站下泄水温年变化过程趋于均化，与天然水温的延迟也越加明显；不同的水库水温结构对水温累积效应的影响也各不相同，稳定分层型水库对水温累积具有正效应，混合型水库具有负效应，过渡型水库处于两者之间，体现了梯级电站的水温累积影响，为研究减缓下泄低温水的对策措施提供依据和参考。     

Planning for Biodiversity: the Role of Ecological Impact Assessment

Abstract:  Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the process of identifying potential environmental effects of proposed development and the required mitigation measures. It is one of the most widely used planning tools today, but its ability to promote biodiversity conservation is largely unexplored. We studied the ecological component of the Israeli EIA system by reviewing a representative sample of 52 environmental impact statements (EISs) produced since 1995 and their corresponding guidelines issued by the Ministry of the Environment. Quality of both EISs and guidelines was determined using a simple scoring approach. Lack of quantitative data, meaningful analyses, and ecosystem perspective was apparent throughout. Many EISs failed to perform field surveys and their qualitative nature hampered meaningful impact prediction. Most EISs concentrated on aesthetic mitigation measures and did not assess their feasibility and likely success. Most of these flaws reflect poor standards rather than true scientific limitations. Guideline quality scores were the most important factor determining the quality of EISs; second was the involvement of an ecological consultant in preparing the EIS. We found a decreasing trend of EIS quality scores over time. Improvements in EIA procedures, particularly in ecological guidelines and the incorporation of ecological consultation, are important for upgrading ecological impact assessment so that the potential of EIA to advance biodiversity conservation can be realized.     

Spillover of functionally important organisms between managed and natural habitats

Land-use intensification has led to a landscape mosaic that juxtaposes human-managed and natural areas. In such human-dominated and heterogeneous landscapes, spillover across habitat types, especially in systems that differ in resource availability, may be an important ecological process structuring communities. While there is much evidence for spillover from natural habitats to managed areas, little attention has been given to flow in the opposite direction. This paper synthesizes studies published to date from five functionally important trophic groups, herbivores, pathogens, pollinators, predators, and seed dispersers, and discusses evidence for spillover from managed to natural systems in all five groups. For each of the five focal groups, studies in the natural to managed direction are common, often with multiple review articles on each subject which document dozens of examples. In contrast, the number of studies which examine movement in the managed to natural direction is generally less than five studies per trophic group. These findings suggest that spillover in the managed to natural direction has been largely underestimated. As habitat modification continues, resulting in increasingly fragmented landscapes, the likelihood and size of any spillover effect will only increase.