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121.
122.
Wesley P. James John Warinner Michael Reedy 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(3):623-635
ABSTRACT: A computer model was developed, based on the Green-Ampt infiltration equation, to computed rainfall excess for a single precipitation event. The model requires an estimate of parameters related to hydraulic conductivity, wetting front section, and fillable porosity of the soil layers. Values of parameters were estimated from soil textural averages or regression equations based on percent sand, percent clay, and porosity. Average values of effective porosity and wetting front suction were largely acceptable due to the relatively low variability and low model sensitivity to the parameters. Hydraulic conductivity was the most erratic constituent of the loss rate computation due to the high variability and the high sensitivity of the computed infiltration to the parameter. The performance of the Green-Ampt infiltration model was tested through a comparison with the SCS curve number procedure. Seven watersheds and 23 storms with precipitation of one inch or greater were used in the comparison. For storms with less than one inch of rainfall excess, the SCS curve number procedure generally gave the best results; however, for six of the seven storms with precipitation excess greater than one inch, the Green-Ampt procedure delivered better results. In this comparison, both procedures used the same initial abstractions. The separation of rainfall losses into infiltration, interception, and surface retention is, in theory, an accurate method of estimating precipitation excess. In the second phase of the study using nine watersheds and 39 storms, interception and surface retention losses were computed by the Horton equations. Green-Ampt and interception parameters were estimated from value sin the literature, while the surface retention parameter was calibrated so that the computed runoff volumes matched observed volumes. A relationship was found between the surface retention storage capacity and the 15-day antecedent precipitation index, month of year, and precipitation amount. 相似文献
123.
Miki M. Stuebe Douglas M. Johnston 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(4):611-620
ABSTRACT: Rainfall runoff of six watersheds was modeled via the Soil Conservation Service runoff curve number model in two ways: conventionally (manually) and via a geographic information system (GIS). Input data (elevation, soils, and landcover) were digital for the latter method. In contrast to previous studies, the GIS was ised for all phases of the modeling process, including watershed delineation and routing of runoff. A comparison between the two methods was consistent with results reported by others and indicates that the use of a GIS is an acceptable alternative to the conventional method for watersheds lacking relatively flat terrain. Given this limitation, the GIS method may prove advantageous over manual methods when study areas are large or numerous, runoff is modeled repetitively, alternative landcover scenarios are explored, or a digital database already exists for the study area. 相似文献
124.
125.
王雪莹 《防灾科技学院学报》2006,8(3):61-64
地壳形变是地震最直接的伴随现象,在孕震过程中会出现形变前兆的阶段性特征,查阅2003年淮北台、泾县台水平摆及自记水管仪观测原始记录曲线,发现在中强以上地震前后,能记录到“加粗扰动”、“散点”等异常形态。这些信息对于地震研究和地震预测预报具有参考价值。 相似文献
126.
本文阐述了环境监测分析中校准曲线的分类 ,拟合方法和应用范围 ,提出对拟合标准曲线可靠性检验的概念和方法。如 :相对剩余标准差 ,截距、斜率检验 ,失拟方差检验等 ,这些方法在实际监测分析中具有一定的应用价值 相似文献
127.
肖慧英 《石油化工环境保护》2005,28(4):46-50
应用Excel软件制作石化环境监测质量控制校准曲线,可节省大量的时间和化学试剂,提高工作效率。这种方法操作简便、快速、直观,并且比以前校准曲线制作数据处理的方法有所创新。 相似文献
128.
钾素Q/I特性是表征土壤钾素状况的一个重要指标,它能同时度量土壤钾素的强度和容量.本文研究了广东不同质地水稻土Q/I特性与大田钾肥施用技术的关系.结果表明:(1)不同质地土壤的Q/1曲线差异明显,砂土类曲线较平缓.粘土类曲线较陡。(2)PBCk与土壤粘粒含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.653).(3)-△K0与作物相对百分产量呈极显著正相关(r=0.873),可作为预测当季作物需钾量的参数.(4)AR_e ̄k与土壤粘粒含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.520),AR_e ̄k的大小可作为钾肥合理分配的依据. 相似文献
129.
Salt marsh development on the coastal barrier island of Schiermonnikoog (The Netherlands) was compared with two other salt
marsh systems in the Wadden Sea. Accretion rate, nitrogen accumulation and changes in plant species composition were investigated
using chronosequences. The age of the marsh was estimated from aerial photographs and old maps. In 7230 plots, the elevation
of the marsh surface, the thickness of the sediment layer (clay) and the presence of plant species was recorded. In addition,
the nitrogen pool was measured at each successional stage.
Accretion rates were similar in the three salt marshes. Higher accretion rates were found at younger marshes. A strong linear
relationship between nitrogen pool size and thickness of the clay layer was found for the three marshes. The accumulation
rate of nitrogen is therefore strongly related to the accretion rate. Thus, more nitrogen is present in the sediment of later
successional stages where more clay has accumulated. On the high salt marsh (55 cm+MHT),Ameria maritima disappeared andArtemisia maritima, Juncus gerardi andElymus athericus established at sites with a thicker clay layer. On the low salt marsh (25 cm+MHT),Plantago maritima, Puccinellia maritima andLimonium vulgare disappeared andAtriplex (Halimione) portulacoides established. Apparently, with the accumulation of clay and therefore of nitrogen, tall growing species take over in salt
marshes not grazed by livestock. 相似文献
130.
Improving the extraction of tetrachloroethylene from soil columns using surfactant gradient systems 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Childs JD Acosta E Knox R Harwell JH Sabatini DA 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2004,71(1-4):27-45
In this work, we extend the recently developed gradient approach for surfactant-enhanced remediation of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL)-impacted sites. The goal of the gradient approach is to maximize the DNAPL solubilization capacity in swollen micelles (Type I aqueous microemulsions) while at the same time minimizing the potential for DNAPL mobilization. In this work, we introduce a modified version of the capillary/trapping curve that we refer to as the gradient curve to help interpret and/or design the gradient approach. The gradient curve presents the residual DNAPL saturation as a function of interfacial tension and microemulsion viscosity. This approach demonstrates that keeping a low viscosity of the microemulsion phase is not only important for keeping a low head loss during surfactant flooding but also to prevent oil mobilization. Eight microemulsion systems were evaluated in this research; these systems were evaluated based on their tetrachloroethylene (PCE) solubilization capacity, interfacial tension (IFT), viscosity, density, and coalescence kinetics. Two of these systems were chosen for evaluation in site-specific column tests using an increasing electrolyte gradient to produce a decreasing IFT/increasing solubilization gradient system. The column studies were conducted with media from Dover Air Force Base in Dover, DE. Both solubilized and mobilized DNAPL were quantified. During the column studies, we observed that substantial PCE was mobilized when the residual level of PCE in the column was significantly higher than the steady-state residual saturation level being approach (as predicted from the gradient curve). Four column studies were performed, three of which were used to asses the validity of the gradient curve in predicting the residual saturation after each gradient step. From these tests we observed that starting IFTs of less than 1 mN/m all produced the same mobilization potential. In the last column, we used an additional gradient step with an initial IFT above 1 mN/m to dramatically reduce the amount of PCE mobilize. Based on the good agreement between column results and projections based on the gradient curve, we propose this as a preferred method for designing gradient surfactant flushing systems. 相似文献