压差法测BOD的应用研究

BOD测定时的恒温培养过程中,好氧生化反应可导致密闭系统的压力不断减少(压差),为此,建立BOD与压差的相关曲线,利用该曲线,在测得压差的情况下,可计算溶液的BOD。该方法与标准方法相比,测定范围宽,可随时了解测定状况,准确度和精密度相当,是一种值得推广的方法。     

污泥电子传递体系(ETS)活性测定中萃取剂的选择

比较了丙酮、乙醇、正丁醇、磷酸三丁酯、乙酸乙酯、甲苯和三氯甲烷等7种萃取剂检测活性污泥电子传递体系(ETS)活性的特性.结果表明,这7种萃取剂制作标准曲线的性能相近;在实际污泥样品检测中,37℃下丙酮的萃取时间仅需10min,待测样品量相同时,其萃取速度约是其它萃取剂的4～22倍,37℃下丙酮萃取污泥样品中三苯基甲脂(TF)的能力大于其它萃取剂在37℃或90℃下的萃取能力,同时以丙酮作萃取剂测定的污泥电子传递体系活性也最大,说明丙酮是污泥电子传递体系活性测定中萃取剂的最佳选择.     

INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND WITH WATER REUSE1

ABSTRACT: This work establishes an industrial water demand (IWD) model for a short term estimate, which considers water reuse technologies and discharge regulations, for the integrated circuit (IC) industry in northern Taiwan. Based on the optimization of an industrial water cost system, a computerized system dynamics model (SD model) is developed to generate individual firm IWD using data from year 2000. A market IWD is further constructed for 25 1C firms in the study area and is approximated by an inverse logistic curve. Analytical results demonstrate that price elasticity varies with water price in cases involving water reuse.     

盐和干旱胁迫对欧李幼苗光合生理特性的影响

为缓解干旱、半干旱地区水土流失现状,充分发挥欧李（Cerasus humilis）的生态价值,有效进行生态环境修复,设置了两种环境胁迫——盐胁迫（盐胁迫浓度分别为3‰、5‰、8‰,依次记做S1、S2、S3）和干旱胁迫（浇水量分别为田间持水量的30%~35%、40%~45%、50%~55%,依次记做W1、W2、W3）,比较叶片的光合气体参数T_r（蒸腾速率）、P_n（净光合速率）、G_s（气孔导度）和C_i（胞间CO₂浓度）的变化;利用P_n-PAR响应曲线比较不同处理下叶片的光响应特征参数L_sp（光饱和点）、L_cp（光补偿点）、R_d（暗呼吸速率）、α（表观量子效率）、P_nmax（最大净光合速率）.结果表明:①欧李幼苗的光合气体参数对盐胁迫的响应较敏感,对干旱胁迫的响应则鲜有显著性差异.②由P_n-PAR响应曲线得出,S1、W2处理下,随着PAR（光合有效辐射）的升高,欧李幼苗出现了光抑制现象;S2、S3、W1、W3处理下则表现出积极的光响应.③盐胁迫下,欧李幼苗的L_cp随盐胁迫的增强而逐渐增大,L_sp最小值[882.17 μmol/（m2·s）]出现在S1处理,S2、S3处理下有增加趋势,光能利用效率随盐胁迫的增强而减弱;随着干旱程度的减弱,L_cp先增后减,在W2处理下达到最大值[35.79 μmol/（m2·s）],L_sp最大值[1 581.56 μmol/（m2·s）]出现在W1处理,而在W2、W3处理下则减小,说明欧李幼苗对光照环境适应性减弱.研究显示,欧李幼苗对盐和干旱胁迫呈现出完全不同的响应特征,且对盐胁迫的响应更为敏感,研究结果可为欧李在治理水土流失、荒山绿化等生态修复工作中的应用提供依据.      

在模拟酸性海洋大气环境中锌缓蚀剂的研制

目的寻找有效抑制锌大气腐蚀的缓蚀剂配方。方法采用静态失重法、极化曲线法和交流阻抗法,研究模拟酸性海洋大气环境中,多聚磷酸钠单独使用以及分别与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲复配使用时对锌腐蚀的缓蚀作用。结果多聚磷酸钠单独使用时对腐蚀介质中的锌具有较好的缓蚀作用,多聚磷酸钠与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲之间有良好的协同缓蚀效应,最佳质量配比分别为3∶1,1∶2,1∶4。多聚磷酸钠以及多聚磷酸钠复配缓蚀剂属于混合抑制型缓蚀剂;它们能够在锌表面形成一层保护膜,从而抑制锌的腐蚀。结论寻找到的缓蚀剂配方能够有效抑制锌的大气腐蚀。     

地表水中总磷测定方法的改进

对用钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水中总磷时工作曲线的绘制、消解时间和浊度补偿等进行了试验。结果表明，绘制工作曲线时可不进行消解处理；样品测定时可缩短消解时间；试样中有浊度时可用离心法替代浊度补偿法。     

耕地资源流失与经济发展的关系分析

正确协调“吃饭”与“建设”的关系，处理耕地保护与经济发展的矛盾，直接关系到国家的社会稳定和经济持续发展。具有重要的现实意义。文章选择深圳、东莞、上海、无锡、武汉五个城市作为研究区域。搜集上述城市近20年来耕地资源流失量及人均GDP统计数据。分析耕地面积减少与经济发展的关系规律。研究结果表明，耕地资源流失量最初随着人均GDP的增加而增加。当越过某一个阈值后。就开始随着人均GDP的增长而降低。虽然这样的演化规律受政策及其他相关因素的影响有所波动。出现阶段性变化。但基本上仍吻合库兹涅茨曲线的一般特征；耕地资源流失量下降的阈值受城市经济、消费水平的影响，有所差异，上述五城市的阈值在5192元至17751元之间；相应地，二、三产业在城市国内生产总值相应所占的份额基本在86％～97％之间变动。     

USING CURVE NUMBERS TO DETERMINE BASELINE VALUES OF GREEN-AMPT EFFECTIVE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITIES1

ABSTRACT: Since the trend in infiltration modeling is currently toward process-based approaches such as the Green-Ampt equation, more emphasis is being placed on methods of determining appropriate parameters for this approach. The SCS curve number method is an accepted and commonly used empirical approach for estimating surface runoff, and is based on numerous data from a variety of sources. The time and expense of calibrating process-based infiltration parameters to measured data are often prohibitive. This study uses curve number predictions of runoff to develop equations to estimate the “baseline” hydraulic conductivities (K_b) for use in the Green-Ampt equation. Curve number predictions of runoff were made for 43 soils. K_b values in the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model were then calibrated so that the annual runoff predicted by WEPP was equal to the curve number predictions. These calibrated values were used to derive an equation that estimated K_b based on the percent sand, percent clay, and cation exchange capacity of the soil. Estimated values of K_b from this equation compared favorably with measured values and values calibrated to measured natural runoff plot data. WEPP predictions of runoff using both optimized and estimated values of K_b were compared to curve number predictions of runoff and the measured values. The WEPP predictions using the optimized values of K_b were the best in terms of both average error and model efficiency. WEPP predictions using estimated values of K_b were shown to be superior to predictions obtained from the curve number method. The runoff predictions all tended to be biased high for small events and low for larger events when compared to the measured data. Confidence intervals for runoff predictions on both an annual and event basis were also developed for the WEPP model.     

分光光度分析校准曲线斜率的质量控制

经云南省历年的国家环境标样考核验证，用实验斜率统计值，摩尔吸光系数、灵敏度指标和方法给定的斜率值进行分光光度分析的质量控制，只要校准曲线斜率的质量检查合格，均能保证考核结果合格。