初始排放权分配对各省区碳交易策略及其减排成本的影响分析

碳排放权分配是我国碳交易机制设计的根本性问题之一.然而,不同初始分配方案对我国碳减排和宏观经济的影响尚不明确,成为制约碳交易市场快速发展的重要因素.本文以我国"十三五"时期碳排放强度下降目标为约束构建非线性规划模型,模拟了"祖父分配方案"、"支付能力方案"和"人口规模方案"3种初始排放权分配方案对各省区碳交易策略及其减...     

孔腐蚀损伤对LY12CZ铝合金疲劳寿命的影响研究

对Kt=3．0的LY12CZ铝合金疲劳试验件的中心孔进行加速腐蚀,经3次不同腐蚀时间后取样,用KH-7700型三维数字显微镜检测腐蚀坑,获得了包括长、宽、深、表面积和体积的三雏形貌。通过疲劳试验,获得不同腐蚀损伤下试件的S-N曲线;通过理论推导得到了孔边在不同腐蚀损伤下的有效应力集中系数。建立了腐蚀损伤量与孔边有效应力集中系数增量之间的关系,使得在已知腐蚀损伤的情况下可以更直接地获得疲劳寿命。     

Gas phase trichloroethylene removal at low concentration using activated carbon fiber

The breakthrough adsorption behaviors of gas phase trichloroethylene in a packed bed of activated carbon fibers(ACF) were investigated. The specific surface area of the ACF was 600 m^2/g, 1400 m^2/g and 1600 m^2/g, respectively, and the concentration of trichloroethylene ranged from 270 mg/m^3 to 2700 mg/m^3 . Results showed that the capacity of adsorption increased with increasing specific surface area, the relationship between the logarithms of 10% breakthrough time and concentration was approximately linear over the experimental range, the breakthrough time decreased with increasing temperature and humidity. The breakthrough curves at different inlet concentration or different temperature can be predicted by several simple theoretical models with good agreements.     

Effects of land-use pattern change on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relations: a case study in Zichang watershed of the Loess Plateau of China

The purpose of this article is to identify the effect of land-use pattern on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relations in Zichang Watershed of the Loess Plateau. From 1986 to 1997, many farmlands changed into grassland or woodland, especially the farmland in steep slope positions or far away from the river. The change of land-use pattern altered the rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relationships, and led to higher slope of trend curves(STCs) of annual rainfall-runoff mass curve and runoff-sediment mass curve in 1990s than that in 1980s. It is implied that more soil and water loss yielded in 1990s. In order to reduce soil loss, more attentions should be paid to land-use pattern and some grass or other herbaceous filter strips should be built along rivers.     

基于社区分类的厦门市家庭生活垃圾产量及其形成机制

家庭生活垃圾与公众生活密切相关,是城市固体废弃物的重要组成部分.明确家庭垃圾产量的影响因素对于理解垃圾产生格局和和后续的管理评价有重要意义.社区是家庭生活垃圾管理的最基本单元,而我国的城市化进程引起了城市社区的多样化.因此,本文根据住房制度改革进程中的不同阶段,将社区分为建于20世纪80年代福利分房时代的旧式社区,2000年改革后的后市场力量主导的商业社区和介于上述两种社区之间的过渡社区.通过空间抽样选取厦门市20个居住小区,分别于夏季和冬季进行为期1周的采样.结果发现,家庭生活垃圾产量呈不均衡分布.通过多元回归建立了家庭生活垃圾产量驱动模型,结果表明,旧式社区的家庭生活垃圾产生以经济驱动为主,过渡社区以家庭结构的驱动为主,商业社区以生活习惯的驱动为主.通过社区分类,可以更好地解释家庭生活垃圾产生的机制,有助于进一步对家庭生活垃圾管理和减量引导做出科学决策.     

利用13X沸石分子筛净化含NH+4-N废水的实验研究

研究了13X沸石分子筛在静态和动态条件下对中低浓度含NH⁺₄-N废水的吸附性能,包括影响吸附的主要因素、沸石对NH⁺₄-N的吸附效果和沸石的再生等。静态实验结果表明,pH值为6.5～7.5,吸附时间35 min,吸附温度20～30℃的条件下,沸石对50 mL NH⁺₄-N初始浓度（C0）为80 mg/L的废水吸附效果最佳,吸附过程符合Langmuir型吸附等温式,饱和吸附量为8.61 mg/g。动态条件下,随水力停留时间增加,沸石对NH⁺₄-N的吸附量上升,最大饱和吸附量可达24.20 mg/g,吸附过程符合Thomas吸附模型。直接焙烧法对吸附后的沸石进行再生活化处理效果良好。实验证明,利用13X沸石净化中低浓度含NH⁺₄-N废水具有良好的工业化应用前景。     

剂量-效应关系两种置信区间的比较

毒性实验存在随机误差,同时剂量-效应曲线(DRC)拟合也会产生误差.因此,合理表征剂量-效应关系及其置信区间非常重要.本研究在剂量-效应曲线非线性拟合基础上,阐述了构建拟合函数置信区间(FCI)与实验观测置信区间(OCI)的基本原理.并以对氯苯酚及等效应浓度比混合物为例,说明目前多数文献使用的FCI不能有效地描述真实毒性实验的不确定度,提出以OCI表征DRC,以求真实反映观测毒性效应的不确定度.利用剂量加和与独立作用模型预测了混合物毒性,并与OCI比较,得到混合物毒性作用类型.建议在分析混合物协同、拮抗、独立与加和作用时,应充分考虑OCI.     

核电站中核一级管道的热瞬态分析

目的 求解管道壁厚方向的温度分布。方法 采用PIPESTRESS程序,对某核电站化学和容积控制系统管道的某一瞬态温度曲线进行瞬态热分析。结果 得到管道7类关键区域的温度场和最不利的温度梯度ΔT1、ΔT2、Ta、Tb,并将该温度梯度数据与参考电站数据进行对比。结论 采用PIPESTRESS程序的结果满足工程需要。该工作不仅为管道疲劳分析提供了重要输入条件,其研究方法也为其他系统管道的热分析提供了重要参考。     

HCl标准曲线与倍标曲线一致性验证

经实验分析了ＨＣｌ标准曲线与信标曲线的一致性。从理论上论证了ＨＣｌ倍标曲线是标准曲线的重合延伸线，为ＨＣｌ的实际监测工作提供可靠方法。     

The interfacial mass transfer resistances of the ozone dry deposition over the field soil of Taichung County in Taiwan

This study aims to design a dry deposition chamber and to measure ozone depletion over the Taichung field soil. This study seeks to verify the phenomena by an experimental and mathematical model. It is demonstrated that interfacial mass transfer resistances of ozone dry deposition involve reactive resistance (R(sr)) and kinetic resistance (R(sk)). It reveals the chemical reaction (O3 + NO --> NO2) to produce the reactive resistance, and verifies that the interfacial mass transfer resistances depend on nitrogen oxide emission and soil temperature. It shows that the interfacial mass transfer resistances are reduced with increasing soil temperature (T(S)). The model profiles are smaller than the observed data within a relative error of 15%. The reactive resistance decreases exponentially with increasing soil temperature; R(sr)(-1) (cm x sec(-1)) = 0.0001 exp (0.1455T(S)). The kinetic resistance decreases linearly with increasing soil temperature; R(sk)(-1)(cm x sec(-1)) = 0.0108T(S) + 1.4012. This model is more accurate with higher soil temperature and larger ozone concentration. Results are consistent with thermodynamics and reaction kinetics. Ozone dry deposition over agricultural soil causes conversion of nitrogen oxide (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO2).