Wildlife identified as major source of Escherichia coli in agriculturally dominated watersheds by BOX A1R-derived genetic fingerprints

The presence of Escherichia coli in recreational and potable waters is a major concern to the general public as elevated levels of E. coli suggest the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Unfortunately, traditional microbial techniques do not allow specific identification of the source of E. coli. This reduces the ability to target management practices that reduce bacterial contamination. In the Finger Lakes region of western New York, USA, wildlife resides in relatively high densities on watersheds dominated by people and dairy farms, and as a result, the sources of fecal degradation of potable and recreational waters are often unknown. In the Conesus Lake watershed, the sources of microbial contamination were assessed using Rep-PCR molecular tools, a method of amplifying repetitive DNA sequences found throughout the E. coli genome to produce distinct fingerprints for a given ecotype. Molecular fingerprints of E. coli isolated from regional populations of cattle, humans, geese and deer were compared to E. coli isolated from stream water samples. Canonical discriminant function analysis indicated that the DNA fingerprints of the original source group isolates were correctly predicted 90.2% of the time. Since land use in the sub-watersheds was dominated by dairy and cash crop farms, it was expected that the majority of E. coli isolated would be identified as cows; however, an unexpectedly high percentage of isolates were identified as wildlife (geese and deer). Geese were the dominant source of E. coli (44.7-73.7% of the total sources) in four sub-watersheds followed by cows (10.5-21.1%), deer (10.5-18.4%), humans (5.3-12.9%) and unidentifiable sources (0.0-11.8%). Management practices intended to decrease the number of cattle or the amount of manure spread in a sub-watershed were reflected in a decrease of E. coli ecotypes associated with dairy cows.     

牛粪混合液微生物燃料电池长期运行稳定性研究

长期运行稳定性是微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)技术的一项重要特征,是其能否走向实际应用的关键.生物阴极MFC利用牛粪产电的长期运行特征的研究表明,该MFC可长期、高效、稳定地产电.在100Ω外电阻下,171 d的运行期内,电池功率密度平均为6.77 W·m-3±2.11 W·m-3.第70 d的电池开路电压、内阻、最高功率密度分别为0.874 V、22.1Ω和14.1 W·m-3.随着运行时间延长,每30 d的总化学需氧量(total chemical oxygen demand,TCOD)去除量不断递减,而库仑效率(Coulomb efficiency,CE)不断递增,在121~150 d,CE可达17.5%±3.3%.阳极微生物群落结构分析表明,Proteobacteria(45%)、Bacteroidetes(22%)、Firmicutes(17%)、Actinobacteria(11%)在阳极生物膜中占有优势地位.Clostridium、Cellulomonas等已被证明具有产电能力或纤维素降解能力的细菌是阳极生物膜中的关键功能种群.     

牛粪生物炭对水中氨氮的吸附特性

以牛粪生物炭为吸附剂,研究了p H、粒径、投加量、温度和共存阳离子等因素对牛粪生物炭吸附氨氮的影响及吸附特性.结果表明,共存阳离子Na+、Ca2+的存在对牛粪生物炭吸附氨氮有抑制作用,在Na+、Ca2+浓度相同条件下对氨氮吸附影响大小顺序为Na+Ca2+;牛粪生物炭吸附氨氮的最佳初始p H值应在5~8范围;通过对动力学数据进行分析,发现准二级动力学方程(R2=0.967 3)比准一级动力学方程(R2=0.765 9)和Elovich方程(R2=0.724 9)能更好地拟合动力学数据,颗粒内扩散方程拟合结果发现牛粪生物炭对氨氮的吸附包括表面吸附和颗粒内扩散两个过程.吸附等温线拟合发现Freundlich方程(R2=0.976 2)能很好地描述氨氮在牛粪生物炭上的吸附行为.吉布斯自由能变化(ΔGθ)、焓变(ΔHθ)和熵变(ΔSθ)的计算结果表明,牛粪生物炭对氨氮的吸附是自发的吸热过程.     

施加牛粪熟肥对黄土吸附双酚A的影响

为研究施加腐熟牛粪对黄土吸附BPA（双酚A）的影响,采用批量平衡试验法,分析不同因素[如黄土粒径、体系温度、初始ρ （BPA）、离子强度、pH等]对BPA在黄土及施加牛粪熟肥黄土上吸附量的影响.结果表明:BPA在黄土中的吸附均符合先快后慢并最终达到平衡的吸附规律,准二级动力学模型能较好地描述其吸附动力学过程.BPA在黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土上的解吸量远小于其吸附量,说明吸附-解吸过程中存在解吸滞后性.黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土对BPA的热力学吸附过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,并且吸附等温线符合L-型吸附等温模式,BPA的吸附吉布斯自由能（ΔGθ） < 0,焓变（ΔHθ） < 0,熵变（ΔSθ） < 0,表明该吸附属于混乱程度减小、可自发放热的吸附过程.影响因素分析结果显示,黄土对BPA的吸附量随其粒径的减小而增大,而不论是否施加腐熟牛粪,其对BPA的吸附量均随体系温度升高而减少,且随初始ρ （BPA）的增加而升高.此外,加入的阳离子（Ca2+、Mg2+）会与BPA形成竞争吸附,不论是黄土还是施加腐熟牛粪黄土,其对BPA的吸附量均随加入阳离子浓度的升高而降低.当pH为3~7时,黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土对BPA的吸附量随着pH的升高而增加,而pH为7~10时对BPA的吸附量变化较小,表明该范围内pH变化对黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土吸附BPA的影响不明显.研究显示,施加牛粪等腐熟肥可能导致BPA的吸附行为发生改变.      

牛粪生物炭对磷的吸附特性及其影响因素研究

以牛粪生物炭为吸附剂,采用平衡吸附法研究了牛粪生物炭对磷的吸附特征.研究了pH值、共存离子、反应温度、投加量、热解温度等对牛粪生物炭吸附磷的影响.结果表明,牛粪生物炭吸附磷的最佳初始pH值为7.0;共存离子的存在对生物炭吸附磷的影响有限;反应温度升高不利于磷的吸附;当投加量为0.1g时,对磷的去除率较为理想;热解温度升高不利于对磷的吸附.通过对实验数据进行动力学、吸附等温线及热力学分析,发现牛粪生物炭对磷的吸附动力学数据符合拟二级吸附动力学方程,Langmuir-Freundlich(R2=0.9705)和Temkin(R2=0.9556)方程能很好地描述磷在牛粪生物炭上的吸附行为.热力学分析结果显示25,35,45℃下的吉布斯自由能变化(ΔG0)分别为-17.43,-15.98,-15.89kJ/mol,表明牛粪生物炭对磷的吸附是自发的过程.     

猪粪及奶牛粪中温厌氧发酵对Cu和Zn的影响

以猪粪和奶牛粪为发酵原料,在中温〔(37±2)℃〕条件下采用完全混合式厌氧反应器进行了158 d的室内试验研究,分析厌氧发酵过程中Cu和Zn在沼液中质量浓度的变化及其在沼渣中的赋存形态. 结果表明:①猪粪沼液中ρ(TCu)和ρ(TZn)(TCu和TZn分别为总Cu和总Zn)随发酵时间的增加逐渐升高,而奶牛粪沼液中二者变幅不明显. ②整个发酵过程中,猪粪沼液中ρ(TCu)和ρ(TZn)的平均值极显著低于进料(P<0.001),降幅分别为80%和43%;而奶牛粪沼液中二者降幅分别仅为11%和13%. ③猪粪和奶牛粪沼液中ρ(溶解性Cu)占ρ(TCu)的53%和43%,与进料相比有小幅降低;而猪粪和奶牛粪沼液中ρ(溶解性Zn)占ρ(TZn)的35%和19%,极显著高于进料(P≤0.01),增幅分别为109%和37%. ④猪粪和奶牛粪沼渣中Cu主要以可氧化态存在,Zn主要以残渣态和酸溶态/可交换态存在. 中温厌氧发酵对猪粪和奶牛粪中溶解性Cu和Zn的削减效果有限,并且沼渣中残渣态Cu和Zn的减少可能增加二者的生物有效性,因此不利于农田的直接利用.      

好氧堆肥对难溶性磷转化的影响

在牛粪进行工厂化堆肥过程中,加入难溶性磷矿粉,探讨堆肥对难溶性磷转化能力的影响.结果表明,加入磷矿粉可使堆肥中活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷、高稳性有机磷含量均有不同程度的提高;磷矿粉加入量为牛粪干重4%(P1DM)和8%(P2DM)的处理与未加磷矿粉的处理相比各形态磷含量分别增加120.99%、125.32%,34.86%、38.64%,27.74%、30.84%,21.38%、20.06%;P2DM和P1DM处理之间的差异分别为4.33%,3.78%,3.10%,-1.32%.电镜观察显示,堆肥后磷矿粉典型的矿物特征消失,表面呈蜂窝状.研究结果表明,通过堆肥生产富磷粪肥可为解决中国磷素资源缺乏、化学磷肥利用率低等问题提供一条生物学途径.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in milk and dairy products in Egypt

Abstract

Food contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represents a hazardous public health problem worldwide. Therefore, the present study was performed to elucidate the virulent and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of STEC isolated from milk and dairy products marketed in Egypt. A total of 125 samples (raw market milk, bulk tank milk, Kareish cheese, white soft cheese, and small scale-produced ice cream, 25 each) were collected for determination the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of STEC. Thirty-six STEC isolates were recovered from milk and dairy products. Serological analysis illustrated that three isolates were E. coli O157:H7 and 33 isolates belonged to different serotypes. Molecular examination indicated that all isolates harboured stx1 and/or stx2 genes, 14 isolates expressed eaeA gene and 3 isolates possessed rfbE gene. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of the isolates was both phenotypically and genetically examined. Interestingly, 31 out of 36 (86.11%) isolates were multidrug-resistant and harboured the extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoding genes, namely, bla_CTX-M-15, bla_SHV-12 and bla_CTX-M-14. Moreover, 12 isolates (33.33%) harboured plasmid-mediated quinolone resistant gene, qnrS. The overall conclusion of the current investigation indicated insufficient hygienic measures adopted during milking, handling, and processing leading to development of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant STEC.     

碱催化H2O2氧化法预处理奶牛养殖废水的试验研究

采用碱催化H2O2氧化法对奶牛养殖废水进行预处理试验,研究了温度、pH、H2O2投加量、反应时间等参数对COD去除效果的影响,确定了反应最佳运行条件。试验结果表明,碱催化H2O2氧化法在pH7~12时,对COD的去除率为40%~60%;当反应温度50℃,pH值9,H2O2投加量2.72 g/L,反应时间20 min时,COD的去除率为66.3%。     

牛粪堆肥腐殖质的动态变化研究

牛粪堆肥实质是有机物质分解的同时形成腐殖质的过程。本研究通过向牛粪中接种发酵微生物进行堆肥,研究分析了总有机碳含量、总腐殖酸、游离腐殖酸和水溶性腐殖酸等的腐殖质物质含量的动态变化。研究结果表明：在牛粪发酵过程中,总有机碳含量呈明显降低趋势,发酵微生物处理下的下降幅度明显大于不接种发酵微生物的处理;总腐殖酸、游离腐殖酸和水溶性腐殖酸含量在发酵前期呈明显的降低趋势,但至发酵腐熟期又逐渐升高。发酵前期,外源微生物的处理,使其下降幅度明显大于不接种外源微生物的处理,但在发酵腐熟期变化不大。