添加四环素和重金属锌对牛粪厌氧消化性能及四环素类抗性基因丰度的影响

为探究奶牛粪便中抗生素和重金属残留对厌氧消化和抗生素抗性基因的影响,本研究通过添加四环素(TC)、金属锌(Zn)与共同添加TC和Zn,分析了厌氧消化性能及四环素类抗性基因(tetC、tetG、tetO、tetT、tetW和tetX)和Ⅰ类整合酶基因(intI1)的变化.结果表明,添加TC或Zn会抑制厌氧消化产气,二者共...     

温度分化对APBR反应器性能及产甲烷菌群落的影响

为了研究温度分化对固定床厌氧反应器(anaerobic packed bed reactor,APBR)牛粪发酵处理效果及产甲烷菌群落的影响,反应器发酵温度从室温(22℃±1℃)阶梯式分化到低温(15℃±1℃)、中温(37℃±1℃)和高温(55℃±1℃).温度变化的过程中,温度越高COD(chemical oxygen demand)去除率和日总产气量越高,分化后COD去除率分别为25%、45%、60%,相应的日产气量为2.3、4.0、8.5 L·d-1,但是甲烷含量基本保持不变(~60%);温度突然变化造成挥发性脂肪酸含量骤然增加,并处于波动状态.16S r RNA基因克隆文库法分析表明,室温时包含广古菌门中的常见重要产甲烷菌MBT(甲烷杆菌目)、Mst(甲烷鬃菌科)、Msc(甲烷八叠球菌科)和MMB(甲烷微菌目),以及嗜热菌,也有少部分泉古生菌门,发酵温度分化后,产甲烷菌多样性减少,中温条件下产甲烷菌种类相对较少.定量PCR表明Mst、MMB和Msc总基因浓度都有所减少,并且温度越高减少越多,各菌数量相对比例变化较大,但Mst仍为优势产甲烷菌.     

用UASB-TF工艺处理某乳品厂生产废水

利用UASB TF工艺处理某乳品厂废水 ,出水达到GB8978 1996中的一级排放标准。该工艺处理乳品废水具有投资低、运行成本低、污染物去除率高、操作方便稳定的特点。在进水CODCr浓度 10 0 0mg L时 ,出水浓度可以降到 60～80mg L ,UASB的水力停留时间 12h ,TFCODCr负荷 0 4kg m3·d ,水力停留时间 4h ,出水回用于冷冻机冷却水 ,直接运行成本 0 3 0元 m3。     

水解酸化—气浮—SBR工艺处理乳品废水的研究

分析了水解酸化时间对ＣＯＤＣｒ处理效果的影响，以及ＳＢＲ池内ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率、溶解氧、生物相的变化规律。对实际的生产废水进行了试验研究，结果表明，当进水ＣＯＤＣｒ浓度为１８６０～２７４０ｍｇ／Ｌ，常温条件下，水解酸化水力停留时间为４ｈ，ＳＢＲ池排出比为１∶３，反应时间为８ｈ，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率可达９５％以上。     

浅谈乳品企业如何以ISO14001环境管理体系标准为基础开展清洁生产

日益增强的乳品行业竞争使乳品企业不断加强环境管理和实行清洁生产成为必然.文章阐述了在乳品行业没有国家清洁生产标准的情况下如何以ISO14001环境管理体系标准为基础开展清洁生产工作,同时提出了乳品企业开展清洁生产的方向,对乳品企业开展清洁生产工作具有一定的指导意义.     

Assessing Economic Changes Due to an Expanding Dairy Industry in the Texas High Plains

The dairy industry in the Texas High Plains has experienced rapid expansion in the past two decades. This study assesses the impact of the increased presence of dairies on overall water use, crop composition, and the local economy. The increase in water use related to the dairy industry from 2000 to 2015 was primarily due to an increase in demand for drinking by the cows (direct water) as well as an increased demand for silage (indirect water). However, a comparative analysis (dairy presence vs. no dairy presence) from a single year indicates minimal impacts on total water use due to dairies. During the same time period, the number, size, and employment of related local business establishments have increased economic activity in rural areas. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Microwave treatment of dairy manure for resource recovery: Reaction kinetics and energy analysis

A newly designed continuous-flow 915 MHz microwave wastewater treatment system was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H₂O₂-AOP) for treating dairy manure. After the treatment, about 84% of total phosphorus and 45% of total chemical oxygen demand were solubilized with the highest H₂O₂ dosage (0.4% H₂O₂ per %TS). The reaction kinetics of soluble chemical oxygen demand revealed activation energy to be in the range of 5–22 kJ mole^?1. The energy required by the processes was approximately 0.16 kWh per liter of dairy manure heated. A higher H₂O₂ dosage used in the system had a better process performance in terms of solids solubilization, reaction kinetics, and energy consumption. Cost-benefit analysis for a farm-scale MW/H₂O₂-AOP treatment system was also presented. The results obtained from this study would provide the basic knowledge for designing an effective farm-scale dairy manure treatment system.     

Effect of the Carbohydrate Composition of feed Concentratates on Methane Emission from dairy Cows and Their Slurry

Dietary carbohydrate effects on methane emission from cows and their slurry were measured on an individual animal basis. Twelve dairy cows were fed three of six diets each (n = 6 per diet) of a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 1:1 (dry matter basis), and designed to cover the cows’ requirements. The forages consisted of maize and grass silage, and hay. Variations were exclusively accomplished in the concentrates which were either rich in lignified or non-lignified fiber, pectin, fructan, sugar or starch. To measure methane emission, cows were placed into open-circuit respiration chambers and slurry was stored for 14 weeks in 60-L barrels with slurry being intermittently connected to this system. The enteric and slurry organic matter digestibility and degradation was highest when offering Jerusalem artichoke tubers rich in fructan, while acid-detergent fiber digestibility and degradation were highest in cows and slurries with the soybean hulls diet rich in non-lignified fiber. Multiple regression analysis, based on nutrients either offered or digested, suggested that, when carbohydrate variation is done in concentrate, sugar enhances enteric methanogenesis. The methane emission from the slurry accounted for 16.0 to 21.9% of total system methane emission. Despite a high individual variation, the methane emission from the slurry showed a trend toward lower values, when the dietwas characterized by lignified fiber, a diet where enteric methane release also had been lowest. The study disproved the assumption that a lower enteric methanogenesis, associated with a higher excretion of fiber, will inevitably lead to compensatory increases in methane emission during slurry storage.     

利用乳品废水生产微生物絮凝剂及其应用研究

从土壤中筛选得到一株微生物絮凝剂产生菌GL 3,经BIOLOG菌种鉴定仪鉴定该菌株为产气肠杆菌 (Klebsiellamobilis)。该菌能够利用乳品废水作为培养基生产微生物絮凝剂。生产絮凝剂的最佳条件为 :在 10 0mL乳品废水中加入 2mL的乙醇 ,pH值约 7 0 ,温度 30℃ ,14 0r min摇床培养 6 0h     

INEQUITIES FOR SMALL FOOD PROCESSING PLANTS RESULTING FROM LIQUID WASTE TREATMENT REGULATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The cost of the liquid wast treatment measures required to meet federal as well as typical state and local regulations was examined for dairy processing plants of various sizes. Federal effluent standards were found to produce higher estimated capital costs per unit of raw material for smaller plants, even with relaxed requirements for smaller plants. State regulations limiting the effluent BOD₅- concentration were also found to result in inequitable costs for smaller processors. These inequities result from economies of scale and not such factors as level of process technology employed or amount of waste produced per unit of raw material. In contrast, applying an example sewer surcharge formula did not produce inequities from economies of scale.