用UASB-TF工艺处理某乳品厂生产废水

利用UASB TF工艺处理某乳品厂废水 ,出水达到GB8978 1996中的一级排放标准。该工艺处理乳品废水具有投资低、运行成本低、污染物去除率高、操作方便稳定的特点。在进水CODCr浓度 10 0 0mg L时 ,出水浓度可以降到 60～80mg L ,UASB的水力停留时间 12h ,TFCODCr负荷 0 4kg m3·d ,水力停留时间 4h ,出水回用于冷冻机冷却水 ,直接运行成本 0 3 0元 m3。     

浅谈乳品企业如何以ISO14001环境管理体系标准为基础开展清洁生产

日益增强的乳品行业竞争使乳品企业不断加强环境管理和实行清洁生产成为必然.文章阐述了在乳品行业没有国家清洁生产标准的情况下如何以ISO14001环境管理体系标准为基础开展清洁生产工作,同时提出了乳品企业开展清洁生产的方向,对乳品企业开展清洁生产工作具有一定的指导意义.     

水解酸化—气浮—SBR工艺处理乳品废水的研究

分析了水解酸化时间对ＣＯＤＣｒ处理效果的影响，以及ＳＢＲ池内ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率、溶解氧、生物相的变化规律。对实际的生产废水进行了试验研究，结果表明，当进水ＣＯＤＣｒ浓度为１８６０～２７４０ｍｇ／Ｌ，常温条件下，水解酸化水力停留时间为４ｈ，ＳＢＲ池排出比为１∶３，反应时间为８ｈ，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率可达９５％以上。     

规模化牛场废水灌溉对土壤水分和冬小麦产量品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,设置不同的牛场废水灌溉次数,研究了冬小麦牛场废水灌溉过程中土壤水分和冬小麦产量品质的变化特征,结果表明,灌溉牛场废水土壤水分迁移和土壤贮水量与灌溉清水无显著差别,水质对土壤水分变化影响很小;冬小麦生育期内分别灌溉牛场废水2、3和4次与正常施肥灌溉施肥相比,冬小麦产量和灌溉水生产效率提高,分别提高了4.61%、6.48%、6.63%,4次牛场废水灌溉冬小麦产量略有下降,这说明灌溉牛场废水次数过多会对冬小麦造成一定的负面影响;牛场废水灌溉次数越多冬小麦籽粒中蛋白质质量分数越高,分别提高了2.50%、5.83%、8.03%,而全磷质量分数则有降低趋势。综合考虑,冬小麦生育期内牛场废水灌溉次数不应高于3次。     

利用PCR-DGGE技术分析乳制品中的乳酸菌

在食品发酵行业,需要一种简捷有效的方法检测发酵产品中的有益微生物.聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(Ploymerase chain reaction and denaturing gredient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术广泛应用于微生物生态学的研究.采用PCR-DGGE对5种含有乳酸菌的乳制品进行了菌群组成分析,并通过传统培养方法和核酸序列分析进行了验证.结果表明,所有测试样品中的活菌数量都在106～109 cfu/mL之间,通过平板培养法分离出了形态明显的杆状菌和链球状菌,对其进行16S rDNA核酸序列测定及同源性分析,将其鉴定为德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)和嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus).建立了由已知乳酸菌组成的DGGE参考阶梯(Reference ladder),可用其对相应菌株进行DGGE鉴定.用两对不同引物进行PCR-DGGE分析,除样品1外,试样中均检测到德氏乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌.对DGGE参考阶梯未能直接鉴定的样品1的电泳条带进行同收、序列分析,分别鉴定为卷曲乳杆菌(L.crispatus)和鼠李糖乳杆菌(L.rhamnosus).同时发现,引物R518-F357对嗜热链球菌模板的识别效率高于引物Lac1GC-HDA2.以上结果表明,RCRDGGE技术可以对样品中的乳酸菌进行快速的分析和鉴定.图4表1参30     

Nitrate/nitrite poisoning in dairy cattle associated with consumption of forages irrigated with municipally treated wastewater

Twenty-three cases of nitrate poisoning were diagnosed in a dairy herd due to consumption of green grass, mainly alfalfa, which was irrigated with a municipally treated wastewater. Five cows were found dead and seven fetuses were aborted. Methemoglobin (MtHb) in blood reached 41.6 ± 7.5%, while hemoglobin concentration was low: 6.9 gm dL^–1. Nitrite in plasma was 1.6 ± 0.4 mmol; the levels of nitrate in suspected grass and water were 1.48 × 10³ ppm and 1.7 × 10³ ppm, respectively. The clinical picture included difficulty in breathing, shivering and brown discoloration of the mucous membranes of the vulva, vagina, and conjunctiva. The postmortem findings included dark brown carcasses with dark, nonclotted blood in the dilated vessels. Cardiac hemorrhages, pulmonary and rumen congestion, edema and hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the abomasums and small intestine were noticed in all examined animals. The postmortem examination of aborted fetuses revealed severe ascites and hydrothorax. Affected animals responded well to the treatment with methylene blue. After one week of treatment MtHb and nitrite in plasma were significantly reduced to their minimal levels (10.5% and 0.5 mmol), respectively. One week later, green-feed and water had no evidence of nitrate. A definitive diagnosis was made based on the clinical picture, postmortem findings, high MtHb level in blood, quantitative nitrite analysis of plasma and nitrate analysis of suspected green-grass and response to methylene blue treatment.     

Soil pollution by trace metals derived from animal feed and manure in the Bursa region of Turkey

The Bursa region of Turkey has important agricultural production areas. Animal producers use agricultural fields in this region for disposal of manure. Therefore, in this study the concentrations of the seven trace metals Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd in 324 animal feed and manure samples from three dairy cattle, three laying hens farms, and three broiler farms have been determined. The average concentrations in dairy cattle manure were 130 (Zn), 150 (Mn), 4.2 (Cu), 6.8 (Ni), 44 (Cr), 0.8 (Pb), and 0.09 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; for laying hens manure 240 (Zn), 190 (Mn), 0.63 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 30 (Cr), 0.55 (Pb), and 0.12 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; and for broiler manure 240 (Zn), 280 (Mn), 1.4 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 35 (Cr), 3.4 (Pb), and 0.16 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight. The calculated trace metal loading rate indicated that manure application might pose a potential risk to agricultural fields according to the current soil protection regulations of Turkey.     

乳制品废水纳滤膜法工艺中污染膜清洗方法研究

乳制品废水用纳滤膜法回用处理时,会纳滤膜因为膜污染而使膜通量下降,采用化学清洗可使膜通量恢复。文章研究了单种清洗剂、组合清洗的清洗效果,考察了清洗时间和清洗剂浓度对膜通量恢复率的影响。研究结果表明:采用单一清洗剂效果不显著,组合清洗效果明显,清洗剂浓度和清洗时间均存在最佳值。且当用清水清洗10min,用35~40℃、pH=10.5NaOH溶液清洗30min,用0.3%H2O2碱液清洗20min,最后用2%柠檬酸清洗30min后膜通量恢复率达到90%以上。     

乳制品废水中蛋白质回收利用途径的研究

本文以某乳制品企业产生的废水为研究对象,对乳制品工业废水的处理和资源回收应用进行研究,为乳制品废水中蛋白质的综合利用,为实现乳制品废水的资源化、减量化提供技术方法和理论基础.     

Methane emissions during storage of di erent treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people, animals and environment. In general, the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals, temperature, manure characteristics and so on. This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with di erent piling treatments. Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30, 45, 60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm. Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009. Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values. Subsequently, all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment. Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner. There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap. However, regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.