Slope and pig slurry rate may increase the transfer of chemical elements by surface water runoff

There is a need to evaluate the interference of pig slurry rate and the terrain slope in the chemical elements losses from the soil. This work aimed to quantify water and chemical element losses by surface runoff due to terrain slope and pig slurry rate (PS) in two soils with contrasting textures. Two trials were evaluated in 2018 and 2019 in Cambisol and Nitisol. Rates of 0, 22.5, 45, and 90 m³ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of PS were applied superficially in sites with slopes ranging from 10% to 35%. Perennial forage grass Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) was grown as summer crop and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was sown in the cold seasons in a field environment. Were determined the runoff, the volume of water, and chemical elements (Al, Ca, P, Mg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, and Zn) lost by the surface runoff after natural rainfall. Increasing land slope elevated water losses substantially, on average 23.4 times in Cambisol and 10.8 times in Nitisol. This increase resulted in average increases of 27.6 and 12.4 times in the losses of the chemical elements analyzed for Cambisol and Nitisol, respectively. There was a reduction in water losses by surface runoff due to increased PS rates applied in both sites. The increased PS rate affected the losses of Cr and Cu in Cambisol and P, Mg, Cd, and Cu in Nitisol. The clayey soil potentiated the water and chemical elements losses by surface runoff in relation to the soil with lower clay content. Regardless of the soil, water and chemical element losses are maximized at higher slopes.     

我国畜禽污染现状与治理政策的有效性分析

针对我国农村畜禽养殖散户和专业户的畜禽粪便处理方式进行实地调查,分析了我国畜禽粪便污染现状及变化趋势,并运用计量经济模型估计了不同治理政策对减少畜禽粪便废弃的有效性.结果表明:随着我国畜禽养殖模式的转变和劳动力成本的提高,畜禽粪便污染呈现明显增长趋势,污染治理的压力进一步增加;散户和专业户的畜禽粪便处理方式存在较大差异.模型估计结果表明:制定垃圾管理规章制度、专人监管垃圾投放、建立沼气池等措施能有效减少散户的畜禽粪便污染,但对于专业户只有专人监督垃圾投放才能发挥作用.随着我国农村畜禽养殖从散养向专业户养殖方式转变,建议政府部门重点加强对养殖专业户畜禽粪便污染的管理,通过出台更严格的环境监管措施和补贴等激励机制减少其畜禽粪便环境污染.     

畜禽粪便改良土壤中E1和E2自然降解的影响因素

研究了E1(雌酮)和E2(17β-雌二醇)在牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪改良土壤自然降解过程中灭菌、光照和温度的影响以及泰乐菌素与吐温80的复合影响. 对比灭菌和未灭菌环境中E1和E2的降解效果表明,灭菌能显著抑制E1的降解,而对E2的降解影响不显著;对比光照和黑暗环境中E1和E2的降解可知,光照对二者的影响不大;在前2种条件下,E1和E2的降解效果(以去除率计)不受粪便类型的影响. 在0～35 ℃,雌激素E1和E2的去除率随温度的升高呈增大趋势,其中E1在牛粪改良土壤中的去除率由1.21%增至58.04%,E2的去除率由1.24%增至48.93%;环境中共存的吐温80能促进E1和E2的降解,当泰乐菌素与吐温80共存时,可有效促进E2的降解.      

基于生命周期视角的种养一体化奶牛场环境经济效益评估

准确评估种养一体化奶牛场的经济性能与环境绩效,是相关支持政策制定的基础,也是促进奶业低碳生产的关键.本文基于生命周期视角,对非种养一体化奶牛场(non-IPBS)和种养一体化奶牛场(IPBS)养殖过程中的温室气体排放、能源消耗、水消耗、土地占用等环境成本和经济效益进行评估.结果 表明,non-IPBS生产1t标准牛奶(...     

Effect of water regimes and organic matters on transport of arsenic in summer rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The arsenic contamination in soil-water-plant systems is a major concern of where, the groundwater is being contaminated with arsenic (above 0.01 mg/L) in the Indian subcontinent. The study was conducted with organic matter to find out the reducing e ect on arsenic load to rice (cv. Khitish). It was observed that intermittent ponding reduced arsenic uptake (23.33% in root, 13.84% in shoot and 19.84% in leaf) at panicle initiation stage, instead of continuous ponding. A decreasing trend of arsenic accumulation (root > straw > husk > whole grain > milled grain) was observed in di erent plant parts at harvest. Combined applications of lathyrus + vermicompost + poultry manure reduced arsenic transport in plant parts (root, straw, husk, whole grains and milled grain) which was significantly at par (p > 0.05) with chopped rice straw (5 tons/ha ) + lathyrus green manuring (5 tons/ha) in comparison to control and corresponding soils. A significant negative correlation of arsenic with phosphorus (grain P with arsenic in di erent parts R2= 0.627–0.726 at p > 0.01) was observed. Similarly, soil arsenic had a negative correlation with soil available phosphorus (R2 = 0.822 at p > 0.001) followed by soil nitrogen (R2= 0.762 at p > 0.01) and soil potassium (R2 = 0.626 at p > 0.01). Hence, e ective management of contaminated irrigation water along with organic matter could reduce the arsenic build up to plants and soil.     

禽畜粪便减量化处理技术初探

随着中国养殖业的迅速发展,禽畜粪便的排放数量逐年增加。据统计,禽畜粪尿排放量每头牛为55kg/d~65 kg/d,每头猪为3.5 kg/d~11.0 kg/d,每只鸡为0.10 kg/d~0.15 kg/d,每只羊为2.66 kg/d。大量的禽畜粪便不经处理而排入环境,将会对地表水、地下水、土壤和空气造成严重的污染,并危及禽畜本身及人体健康。因此,实现禽畜粪便的减量化、无害化及资源化,防止和消除养殖场粪便的污染及其利用问题的研究,对于生态环境的保护、实施可持续发展战略都具有十分重要的意义。本试验利用日本JST赠送的生态厕所反应装置为试验设备,分别以木屑和木屑与秸秆混合物为微生物载体,对牛粪便进行减量化处理技术研究。旨在为研究中国农业的玉米作物秸秆是否可以替代木屑作为反应过程中的调理剂,达到对禽畜养殖业粪便良好的减量化处理效果,减轻对环境的污染,同时也为中国大量的农作物秸秆寻找另一条资源化利用途径。     

赤泥对堆肥腐熟度及其产品对稻米Cd阻控效果

以赤泥作为堆肥添加剂进行鸡粪好氧堆肥试验,分析了堆肥过程中赤泥对温度、pH值、电导率（EC）及种子发芽指数（GI）的影响.通过三维荧光与紫外-可见光光谱特征解析堆肥过程中腐殖酸（HA）组分的演变特征.并利用盆栽实验探索堆肥产品对矿区土壤中稻米镉的阻隔效果.结果表明,赤泥的添加提高了堆体高温期的温度.EC较堆肥前均显著降低,但赤泥堆肥EC （4.29mS/cm）显著高于鸡粪堆肥EC （3.59mS/cm）.鸡粪堆肥与赤泥堆肥的GI随着堆肥时间的增长而升高,在堆肥结束时分别达到100.2%和96.44%,说明2种堆肥产品均未表现出植物毒性.2种堆肥HA中类蛋白质等物在堆肥过程中均转化为较为稳定的类腐殖质物质,HA的SUVA₂₅₄、SUVA₂₈₀和A_226~400在堆肥结束后也显著提高,表明堆肥的腐殖化程度升高.此外,赤泥的添加提高了腐殖化参数数值,证明赤泥的加入能够加速堆肥腐殖化进程.在盆栽实验中,鸡粪堆肥与赤泥堆肥均提高了土壤的pH值,降低了土壤中DTPA-Cd和糙米中Cd的含量.其中,施用2g/kg赤泥堆肥后,糙米Cd含量降低幅度最大,为58.68%,水稻糙米中Cd的含量由未施用堆肥的0.42mg/kg降低至0.17mg/kg.因此,赤泥的添加可以在一定程度上提高堆肥效率,同时施加堆肥产品对土壤Cd的生物有效性及水稻植株内Cd起到抑制与阻隔作用,且施加赤泥堆肥效果更为显著.     

宁夏养鸡场粪污和周边土壤中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因分布特征

畜禽粪便中的抗生素及其抗性基因（ARGs）具有潜在的生态风险.为揭示宁夏养鸡场鸡粪和养殖场周边土壤中抗生素和ARGs的分布特征,以宁夏12家不同规模蛋鸡养殖场中鸡粪、周边及施用鸡粪的土壤为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法和高通量荧光定量法进行调查研究.结果表明：①鸡粪中四环素类、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类是优势抗生素.不同养殖期鸡粪中抗生素种类和含量不同,育雏期抗生素种类较多和平均含量较高,初产期相反.②周边土壤中仅距离养鸡场20 m处检测到少量抗生素,养殖场对周边土壤中抗生素的分布影响较小;施用鸡粪的土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素含量明显增加.③鸡粪中共检测到ARGs亚型132~168种,主要是氨基糖苷类和四环素类ARGs.育成期ARGs数目最多,初产期最少;育雏期各类ARGs总丰度最高,终产期相反.所有养殖期鸡粪中共存ARGs有110种.④养鸡场周边及施用鸡粪的土壤中共检测到ARGs亚型23~105种,其中氨基糖苷类ARGs数目最多,其次是多药类.养殖场周边土壤中ARGs数目和相对丰度随距养殖场距离的增加而逐渐减少;施用鸡粪的土壤中ARGs数目和相对丰度都明显增高,但低于距离养殖场20 m的土壤.⑤鸡粪中β-内酰胺酶类、氨基糖苷类和大环内酯类-林肯酰胺类-链阳性菌素B类（MLSB） ARGs都存在水平移动风险;土壤中氯霉素类ARGs存在水平移动风险.鸡粪中ARGs与其对应抗生素含量间相关性不显著.⑥不同类型ARGs之间具有相关的共现性：鸡粪中氨基糖苷类ARGs相对丰度与β-内酰胺酶类和可移动元件（MGEs）、多药类与万古霉素类等均呈显著正相关;土壤中氨基糖苷类ARGs相对丰度与四环素类、万古霉素类、磺胺类和MLSB类、四环素类与MLSB类等呈极显著正相关.土壤中各类ARGs相对丰度间的共现性明显强于鸡粪.本研究可为养鸡场选址、蛋鸡规模化养殖抗生素种类及剂量的选择和鸡粪施用提供理论依据.     

Cadmium and lead in livestock feed and cattle manure from four agricultural areas of Bursa,Turkey

The cadmium and lead contents in cattle manure taken from four agricultural areas exposed to different degrees of environmental pollution and in the livestock feeds grown in those places were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The levels of cadmium and lead contamination in the manures of the cattle, which were fed in the areas far from industries, traffic or urbanization, were less than those that were closer to heavy traffic and industrial activities. The highest heavy metal content was found in cattle manure collected from the region with heavy traffic, followed by the industrial region and the rural region. Among the live stock feeds used in the present study, the highest levels of lead were found in grass; and the lowest levels were obtained from the samples of straw.     

A comparative study of microbial communities in soils amended by manures from pigs fed with organic versus synthetic feeds

We applied pyrosequencing to determine bacterial communities in soil samples taken from test fields amended by manures of pigs fed with green feeds (GPMS), synthetic feeds (APMS), and the reference field without swine manure amendment (NPMS), respectively. For each sample, 7050 effective sequences were selected and utilized to do the bacterial diversity and abundance analysis, respectively. In total, 2986, 2873, and 1602 operational taxonomic units were obtained at a 3% distance cut-off in GPMS, APMS, and NPMS, respectively. Bacterial phylotype richness in GPMS was higher than the other samples. NPMS had the least richness. The most dominant class in both GPMS and APMS is Betaproteobacteria, whereas Alphaproteobacteria is dominant in NPMS. Circa 7.5% sequences in GPMS were found to be affiliated with Burkholderiales order. Bacterial diversity and abundance in the soil varied with swine manure amendment, due to nutrient elements as well as toxic metals in swine manures. Compared with the soil amendment by manures from pigs bred with synthetic feeds, more bacterial diversity but less potentially pathogenic bacterial genera in the soil amended by manures of pigs fed with green feeds were found, which indicated that these manures were better land-applied organic fertilizers.