WATER POLLUTION AS AFFECTED BY STREET SALTING1

The use of salt to melt ice and snow on streets and roads has become prevalent throughout the Northeast. Several states apply as much as 20 tons per lane-mile. Salt runoff may be sorted in various locations within the hydrologic system. Eventually the salt reaches streams and lakes. In Meadowbrook, it was observed that the chloride content reached a high of 11,000 ppm in December 1969. The runoff from the watershed was emitted in several surges. Chloride concentrations declined with the onset of summer, but still remained high, suggesting that some of the salt applied during the past winter appeared in the summer stream flow. Salt runoff entering a small lake, flowed directly to the lake bottom. The buildup of high density saline water in the lower portion of the lake prevented complete mixing in the spring. Incomplete mixing led to anoxic conditions in the lower lake strata. The population of bent hic fauna of the lake was changed by the flow of salt water into the lake. From a total of 10 species of dipteran larva and oligochaetes, only 4 species of the latter remained.     

REAL-TIME MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN THE SAN JOAQUIN RWER BASIN,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: In the San Joaquin River Basin, California, a realtime water quality forecasting model was developed to help improve the management of saline agricultural and wetland drainage to meet water quality objectives. Predicted salt loads from the water quality forecasting model, SJRIODAY, were consistently within ± 11 percent of actual, within ± 14 percent for seven-day forecasts, and within ± 26 percent for 14-day forecasts for the 16- month trial period. When the 48 days dominated by rainfall/runoff events were eliminated from the data set, the error bar decreased to ± 9 percent for the model and ± 11 percent and ± 17 percent for the seven-day and 14-day forecasts, respectively. Constraints on the use of the model for salinity management on the San Joaquin River include the number of entities that control or influence water quality and the lack of a centralized authority to direct their activities. The lack of real-time monitoring sensors for other primary constituents of concern, such as selenium and boron, limits the application of the model to salinity at the present time. A case study describes wetland drainage releases scheduled to coincide with high river flows and significant river assimilative capacity for salt loads.     

“The Kesterson effect”

Hypothesized to be derived from Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks, selenium contamination of the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge is traced through irrigation drainage to the source bedrock of the California Coast Ranges. This biogeochemical pathway of selenium is defined here as the “Kesterson effect.” At the refuge ponds, this effect culminated in 1983 in a 64% rate of deformity and death of embryos and hatchlings of wild aquatic birds. From the previous companion paper on irrigation drainage, the Kesterson effect has been implicated in nine of 11 reconnaissance areas studied in the western United States. Deformities have resulted in at least five of these sites. Climatic, geologic, hydrologic, and soil conditions in these reconnaissance areas are similar to those in the area surrounding Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in the west-central San Joaquin Valley of California. In California, selenium, as selenate, was ultimately found weathered with sulfur from marine sources in soluble sodium and magnesium sulfate salts, which are concentrated by evaporation on farmland soils. The Se, mobilized by irrigation drainage, is bioaccumulated to toxic levels in refuge wetland ponds that are located mainly in hydrologically closed basins and thus act as concentrating disposal points. The depositional environment of the ponds may be similar to that of the nutrient-rich continental shelf edge and slope in which Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene sediments found to be seleniferous in the California Coast Ranges were deposited. Bioaccumulation may be therefore a primary mechanism of selenium enrichment in ancient sediments in addition to that of the formerly suggested Cretaceous volcanic pathway.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中不同粒径的毒性特性

对广州市某垃圾焚烧发电厂的焚烧飞灰进行粒径分级毒性分析研究。主要研究了粒径在35～1 000μm范围内的飞灰的腐蚀性和短期浸出毒性,包括Cr、Cd、Mg、Pb、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ni、Co等重金属,SO24-,Cl-,NO3--N和NO2--N,同时也研究了飞灰的物质组成和矿物特性。研究结果表明,所有粒径飞灰的浸出液pH值在12.3～12.5之间,属于有腐蚀性的危险废物,重金属Mg、Pb、Zn的浸出浓度最高,分别为168.78、53.94和86.40 mg/L。飞灰浸出液和含量最高分别达到8.87g/L和1.38 g/L,同时浸出液中测出一定量的硝态氮和亚硝态氮,证明飞灰吸附了垃圾焚烧过程中产生的氮氧化物气体。另外,研究得出飞灰的基本组成元素为Ca、Si、Cl、K、Na、S、Al、Mg和Fe,而重金属则以Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cr等为主。矿物相主要为含硅和钙的化合物及NaCl和KCl等氯化物。     

柴达木盆地盐类资源成矿构造环境及成矿预测

运用区域地质资料和地球重力测量资料的分析成果,对柴达木盆地新生代地层沉积建造的空间位置和基本构造形式进行了讨论;用实验对比和地质概化的方法,建立了新生代盆地的构造边界和构造系统;用地球动力成矿和层位耦合成矿的规律说明,新生代盆地内部存在共轭成矿作用,并可用来预测成盐成矿地段和筛选寻矿找矿靶区,为中国大陆盆地的盐类矿产资源的开发和研究提供依据。根据柴达木盆地基底构造的分析,在第四纪成矿作用的基础上,在新生代地层深部寻找新的盐类矿床是大有前景的。依据成矿环境条件,圈定出5个盐类矿床的成矿构造带,是今后找矿勘探的靶区及成矿远景地带。     

Hydrographic and biological aspects of algal bloom in the Adriatic Sea in 1988

The interaction of hydrological, chemical and biological factors in a defined time may cause an excess bloom of phytoplankton in an ecosystem, which can persist over a long period or occur from time to time.

This phenomenon has been recorded from the northern Adriatic and coastal enclosed basins along the eastern Adriatic coast (Ka?tela Bay, Split) for a long time now.

During 1988 this phenomenon of increased production was recorded from almost the entire northern and middle Adriatic with some traces even in its southern part. Some preliminary results for that period point to the fact that this was caused very likely by exceptionally warm and dry weather, with no significant precipitations and wind. Such conditions affect horizontal and vertical stratification of water masses.

High photosynthetic radiation, increased quantities of alochthonous organic matter, either in the form of particulate or dissolved organic matter, either in the form of particulate or dissolved organic carbon (POC or DOC), influx of nutrients (via rivers, municipal sewage or upwelling) are the main causes of sudden bloom and rapid reproduction rate of phytoplankton species (Diatoms) to the large quantities to which the pollution of the entire coastal area is due.     

飞机地面积/除冰环境模拟与试验研究

飞机地面积冰是飞机进入冬季安全飞行的重要隐患,很多飞行事故都是因为没有清除飞机表面的积冰而造成的。基于对飞机地面积/除冰的真实环境的分析,在低温湿热试验箱中模拟积/除冰时的大气条件,对机翼积/除冰进行试验研究。通过改变环境温度、除冰液温度、流量、浓度等影响因素,利用光纤式结冰传感器得到不同环境条件下,除冰液参数对除冰过程的影响数据,并对这些数据进行了分析。试验结果表明该装置能有效地模拟飞机地面积/除冰过程,数据分析显示飞机地面结冰过程主要受外界环境温度,湿度(空气的水含量)的影响;对飞机地面除冰来说,除冰液温度参数是除冰效果达到最佳的关键因素。     

Best management practices for airport deicing stormwater

With the advent of new regulations concerning aircraft deicing and management of spent aircraft deicing fluids (ADFs), many airports now face the dual challenges of simultaneously maintaining public safety and protecting the environment. This paper provides a theoretical assessment of the potential environmental impact of stormwater runoff and offers detailed current information on alternative deicing fluid application methods and materials, collection and treatment practices.     

复合铜盐对有机废弃物高温好氧堆肥的保氮效果

高温好氧堆肥是资源化利用有机废弃物的途径之一,但堆肥过程中氮素损失严重.本文以复合铜盐CCS为保氮剂,粪便混合物为堆肥原料,通过单因素和正交实验,研究了C/N比(20、30、35)、含水率w(50%、55%、60%)、CCS添加量m(1.2%、1.4%、1.6%)等因素对高温好氧堆肥中氮素的影响,初步探讨了氮素固定的机理.实验结果表明,最佳氮素固定条件为:C/N=20、w=60%、m=1.4%,在此条件下,总氮损失减少率(L)高达62.78%.与其他保氮剂对比发现,复合铜盐具有添加量少、总氮损失减少率较高、成本适中等优点,表明复合铜盐适宜用作堆肥过程中的保氮剂.氮素固定的机理可能是铜离子与铵根离子络合.     

Effects of Mn(II) and Fe(II) on microbial removal of arsenic (III)

Goal, scope, and background  Arsenic contamination in groundwater creates severe health problems in the world. There are many physiochemical and biological methods available for remediation of arsenic from groundwater. Among them, microbial remediation could be taken as one of the least expensive methods, though it takes longer treatment time. The main objective of this research was to study the improvement on remediation by addition of some essential ion salts such as Mn and Fe. Materials and methods   Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Escherichia coli were taken as model microbes from Dhulikhel, 30 km east from Kathmandu, Nepal. Results and discussion  Microbes used in this study showed different abilities in their removal of As(III) with and without addition of Mn and Fe salts. The trend of remediation increased with time. S. aureus was found to be the best among the microbes used. It showed almost 100% removal after 48-h culture, both with and without Fe and Mn salts. Rate of removal of As increased with addition of Fe and Mn for all microbes. Removal efficiency was found to increase by about 32% on average after addition of salts in 24-h cultures of S. aureus.