原子力显微镜分析聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐的吸附和絮凝行为:反离子的影响

通过对聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDADMAC)改性得到了高分子量的聚二甲基二烯丙基硝酸铵(PDADMANO₃)和聚二甲基二烯丙基硫酸铵(PDADMASO₄).通过电导率,比浓粘度,原子力显微镜,以及高岭土悬浊液絮凝试验的残余浊度,Zeta电位和絮凝指数,研究了一价阴离子(Cl^-,ON₃^-)和二价阴离子(SO₄^2-)对聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐(PDADMAX)的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能的影响.结果表明:不同的反离子对PDADMAX的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能有显著影响.PDADMANO₃具有更高的絮凝效率和“电中和作用”,而PDADMASO₄具有更宽的最佳絮凝范围和更大的絮体粒径,及更强的“吸附架桥作用”.特别对于聚电解质的吸附和絮凝机理的研究,单个高分子的原子力显微镜图象是一种非常有效地分析方法.     

无汞盐化学需氧量测定方法研究

本法基于可定量测定K_2Cr_2O_7和Cl~-的反应产物C~2这一原理,在用吸收装置吸收Cl_2后,用碘量法测定余氯。试验结果表明,本法有较高的准确度和精密度。     

Effects of bile salts and divalent cations on the adsorption of norfloxacin by agricultural soils

The effects of bile salts （sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate, 0-20 mmol/L）, divalent cations （Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Zn^2＋, 0-20 mmol/L） or pH （3.0-10.0） on the adsorption of norfloxacin by three selected soils （Paddy_H, Paddy_G and Red_J） were systematically studied. Soil adsorption of norfloxacin follows a pseudo second-order kinetics model, and the maximum adsorption capacity has been determined from the nonlinear fit of the Langmuir isotherm model to be 88.8, 88.1 and 63.0 μmol/g for the adsorption onto Paddy_H, Paddy_G and Red_J, respectively. The results indicate that norfloxacin has a high adsorption affinity for the agricultural soils tested and that the organic content of these soils have at least a slight influence on this adsorption. The adsorption of norfloxacin to soils was strongly dependent on pH and exhibited a maximum at approximately pH 6. The presence of divalent cations prominently suppressed the adsorption of norfloxacin by paddy soils, which followed an order of Cu^2＋ 〉 Mg^2＋ 〉 Ca^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋, and by red soil, which followed an order of Cu^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋ 〉 Ca^2＋ 〉 Mg^2＋. The adsorption of norfloxacin （by the soils studied） sharply decreased as the amount of bile salts was increased. For uncharged norfloxacin at environmentally relevant pH values, such factors as soil type, exogenous divalent cations and macromolecules significantly altered the environmental fate and transport of norfloxacin between aquatic and soil interfaces.     

铝盐混凝法去除氟离子的一般作用规律

通过混凝除氟、絮体氟吸附和释放等试验考察了铝盐混凝除氟的作用特,探讨了除氟随铝盐投加量、混凝pH等操作参数及铝盐混凝剂本身形态不同时的变化规律。结果表明,铝盐混凝除氟效果与混凝pH密切相关,在pHo 5.8-7.0条件下除氟效果最佳;在相同投加量和各自的最佳混凝条件下,单体铝盐的除氟效果好于聚合铝盐,但其絮体的持氟性能不及聚合铝盐。     

4种水生植物对复合污染水体中营养盐和全氟烷基酸的去除效果

近年来,水体中全氟烷基酸的暴露、来源和去除受到国内外关注,关于植物对全氟烷基酸单一污染水体净化的研究较多,但对于水体营养盐和全氟烷基酸等复合污染治理的研究较为缺乏。为此,选取鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、金鱼藻(Phragmites australis)和眼子菜(Potamogetonpusillus)为研究对象,通过室内水培实验研究了4种水生植物对复合污染水体中营养盐和全氟烷基酸(PFAAs)的去除效果。结果表明,4种水生植物对复合污染水体中营养盐和全氟烷基酸(PFAAs)均具有较好的去除能力,且不同植物对各污染物的去除效果有所差异。各植物对TN、TP、全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的去除率分别为(56.36±4.83)%~(79.90±4.79)%、(47.36±2.18)%~(64.52±4.78)%、(38.25±3.25)%~(67.33±5.58)%和(46.23±3.93)%~(83.14±5.49)%。鸢尾对营养盐的去除效果最好,对TN和TP的去除率分别为(79.90±4.79)%和(64.52±4.78)%,但对PFOA和PFOS的去除率仅为(38.25±3.25)%和(46.23±3.93)%;金鱼藻对全氟烷基酸的去除效果显著,其植株体内PFOA和PFOS的富集含量分别可达(31.56±1.01) µg·g⁻¹和(37.15±1.54) µg·g⁻¹。所有植物对PFOS的富集效果优于PFOA,且在挺水植物中,PFOS比PFOA更倾向于在植物根部积累。     

AN EFFICIENT METHOD OF APPLYING ALUMINUM SALTS FOR SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS INACTIVATION IN LAKES1

ABSTRACT: Alum and sodium aluminate were injected into the hypolimnion of eutrophic Kezar Lake, New Hampshire, with a specially designed applicator mechanism. This new method of applying aluminum salts to achieve phosphorus inactivation included two separate chemical distribution systems mounted on a hydraulic weed harvester. The design of the applicator system is described, and its cost-effectiveness is compared with other aluminum salt injections.     

阴离子表面活性剂—季铵盐—磺酞类染料的显色反应及其应用

本文研究了阴离子表面活性剂(AS),季铵盐(QAS),磷酞类染料(SPD)显色反应的机理,发现QAS分别与AS和SPD形成离子缔合物,SPD与QAS的摩尔比和SPD的三级电离常数pK,(HL~-)有关,AS和QAS的缔合比为1:1.基于这一显色反应,建立了氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)-溴甲酚紫(BCP)光度法测定AS的方法.在60μgCPC存在下,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)分别在0—55μg·10ml~(-1)和0—50μg·10ml~(-1)范围内符合比耳定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为6.88×104~L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)和6.34×10~4L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1).用建立的方法测定了河水和生活废水中的AS,结果满意.     

THE EFFECTS OF DEICING SALTS ON WATER CHEMISTRY IN PINHOOK BOG,INDIANA1

ABSTRACT: A five-year study was conducted to identify the effects of road salt intrusion on the water chemistry of Pinhook Bog following operation of an uncovered salt storage pile adjacent to the bog for ten years. A distinct pattern of elevated salt concentrations was observed in the interstitial waters of the surface peat that corresponded to observed alterations in the bog vegetation. Yearly mean salt concentrations as high as 468 mg/l sodium and 1215 mg/l chloride were recorded in the plant root zone of the peat mat. The salt concentrations decreased significantly each year from 1979 to 1981 throughout the impacted area. Some increases of a lesser magnitude occurred in 1982 and 1983. Analysis of salt movements suggested that vertical transport by water movement was responsible for concentration changes. The major declines in salt levels occurred in the spring following snowmelt and heavy precipitation events. Evapotranspiration during periods of drought resulted in the gradual increases in surface peat salt concentrations. Diverted highway runoff was shown to be the major continuing source of sodium chloride contamination and was the likely source of the elevated calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, and pH levels also observed in the impacted area.     

负载无机铵盐改性活性炭纤维对甲醛去除能力的影响

在不同热处理温度(60℃、160℃)和热处理时间(2h、12h)条件下,通过负载不同质量分数的氯化铵、氟化铵、草酸铵、硫酸铵、过硫酸铵等无机铵盐溶液对活性炭纤维(ACF)进行改性实验,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)分析表征改性后的ACF,研究其对甲醛去除率的影响.结果表明,不同无机铵盐对ACF的改性效果良好,甲醛去除率均大于50%.其中,经草酸铵改性后的ACF对甲醛的去除率最高,可达67.7%.SEM观察发现,无机铵盐大多堆积在ACF表面,不能进入其孔径内部,减小了ACF与外界的接触面积,但对其吸附面积影响不大.因此,利用无机铵盐改性ACF来提高甲醛去除率是可行的.     

猪粪堆肥过程保氮固磷及温室气体（N2O）减排研究

针对畜禽粪便堆肥过程存在的氮素流失与温室气体（N2O）排放及畜禽粪便堆肥产品土地利用过程的磷素流失等不足,采用强制通风反应器堆肥系统进行小试规模的猪粪堆肥试验,以改性赤泥和改性镁橄榄石为添加剂,考察和比较了这2种改性金属盐添加剂在猪粪堆肥过程对氮磷保存与温室气体（N2O）减排的效果.结果表明,添加改性镁橄榄石（pH=7...