负载无机铵盐改性活性炭纤维对甲醛去除能力的影响

在不同热处理温度(60℃、160℃)和热处理时间(2h、12h)条件下,通过负载不同质量分数的氯化铵、氟化铵、草酸铵、硫酸铵、过硫酸铵等无机铵盐溶液对活性炭纤维(ACF)进行改性实验,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)分析表征改性后的ACF,研究其对甲醛去除率的影响.结果表明,不同无机铵盐对ACF的改性效果良好,甲醛去除率均大于50%.其中,经草酸铵改性后的ACF对甲醛的去除率最高,可达67.7%.SEM观察发现,无机铵盐大多堆积在ACF表面,不能进入其孔径内部,减小了ACF与外界的接触面积,但对其吸附面积影响不大.因此,利用无机铵盐改性ACF来提高甲醛去除率是可行的.     

碱性条件下胡敏酸吸附镉的特征研究

为了探讨胡敏酸在碱性条件下的吸附镉机理,了解碱性盐化土壤中镉污染机理和生态环境之间的关系,实验研究了胡敏酸在碱性条件吸附镉的特征。采用批吸附试验方法,研究不同Cd初始浓度、反应时间、不同pH和离子强度对胡敏酸吸附镉的影响,结果表明：胡敏酸具有较强吸附镉的能力,可以用Langmuir吸附模型和Temkin吸附模型很好地拟合其等温吸附过程（r分别为0.9809和0.9816）;在60 min内的快速反应阶段和60 min至6 h间的慢速反应阶段,胡敏酸对镉的吸附量分别为2.895 mg·g-1和3.342 mg·g-1,吸附反应平衡前6 h的动力学过程可以用Elovich方程进行很好的拟合（r为0.9285）;随着pH增加,吸附率表现出逐步增加趋势,并以pH为4.5和8.5为界,呈现两端增加速度快,中间增加慢的规律性;在较低浓度离子强度下,离子强度的增加促进胡敏酸吸附镉;而在高离子强度下,表现出相反的规律性;在相同的条件下,不同离子强度对胡敏酸吸附镉的影响大小为：氯化钙〉氯化镁〉氯化钾〉氯化钠。土壤在盐化的过程中,由于无机盐浓度的增加,增加了重金属离子的生物可利用性,加大了重金属离子的生态风险。     

Reactive chemical hazards of diazonium salts

Many diazonium salts are thermally unstable and sensitive to friction and shock. Most diazonium salts are known for their violent decomposition hazard in the solid state. There are many industrial and laboratory incidents caused by this group of chemicals. For safety purposes, the hazards related to the preparation and the handling of diazonium salts are discussed. Twelve cardinal rules are provided:1. Use only a stoichiometric amount of sodium nitrite when generating diazonium salts, avoiding excess sodium nitrite.2. Check for the excess of nitrous acid by starch–potassium iodide papers and neutralize it.3. Minimize the presence of nitrous acid by combining amine and acid first, then subsequently adding the sodium nitrite.4. Keep the temperature below 5 °C.5. Always vent the gases generated.6. Determine the thermal stability of diazonium compounds in your system.7. Understand the explosive properties of diazonium salts. If unknown, always assume they are explosive.8. Never allow the undesired precipitation of diazonium salts out of solution.9. Analyze the residual diazo compounds in the final product, especially for new process conditions.10. Quench the remaining diazonium salts before any further treatments.11. Isolate no more than 0.75 mmol of explosive diazonium salts at one time; also consider the addition of an inert material to stabilize the diazonium salts.12. Use a plastic spatula when handling the solid. The dried powder should not be “scratched” with a metal spatula or ground finely.An example of a testing strategy and data interpretation is provided for a process which has multiple steps and two diazonium compounds. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Heat of Mixing calorimetry (HOM) successfully serve as efficient tests to screen thermal stability and gas generation, identifying the candidates for advanced tests.     

Salt enrichment of municipal sewage: New prevention approaches in Israel

Wastewater irrigation is an environmentally sound wastewater disposal practice, but sewage is more saline than the supplied fresh water and the salts are recycled together with the water. Salts have negative environmental effects on crops, soils, and groundwater. There are no inexpensive ways to remove the salts once they enter sewage, and the prevention of sewage salt enrichment is the most immediately available solution. The body of initiatives presently structured by the Ministry of the Environment of Israel are herein described, with the aim to contribute to the search for a long-term solution of salinity problems in arid countries. The new initiatives are based on: (1) search for new technologies to reduce salt consumption and discharge into sewage; (2) different technologies to cope with different situations; (3) raising the awareness of the public and industry on the environmental implications of salinity pollution; and (4) an elastic legal approach expressed through new state-of-the-art regulations. The main contributor to the salinity of sewage in Israel is the watersoftening process followed by the meat koshering process. Some of the adopted technical solutions are: the discharge of the brine into the sea, the substitution of sodium by potassium salts in the ion-exchangers, the construction of centralized systems for the supply of soft water in industrial areas, the precipitation of Ca and Mg in the effluents from ion-exchangers and recycling of the NaCI solution, a reduction of the discharge of salts by the meat koshering process, and new membrane technology for salt recovery.     

氯盐阻化剂对煤自燃极限参数影响的试验研究

阻化技术是防治煤自燃的常用技术之一,研究阻化剂对煤自燃极限参数的影响是确定阻化效果的关键.采用程序升温试验,分析气煤和长焰煤的原煤样和经MgCl2、KCl、CaCl2、NaCl 4种阻化剂处理后的煤样耗氧速率和放热强度,并计算自燃极限参数和阻化率.结果表明:氯盐阻化剂可降低煤自燃低温阶段的煤耗氧速率和放热强度;4种阻化剂中对气煤煤样的平均阻化率最高是MgCl2 (63.6％),对长焰煤则是CaCl2 (45.9％),平均阻化率与自燃极限参数变化率呈正相关;气煤经MgCl2处理后自燃极限参数变化率最大,长焰煤经CaCl2阻化处理后的自燃极限参数变化率最大,对于气煤4种阻化剂阻化能力由大到小为MgCl2 KCl、CaCl2、NaCl,对长焰煤则为CaCl2、MgCl2、KCl、NaCl;氯盐阻化剂中MgCl2对气煤自燃极限参数影响最大,阻化效果好,而对长焰煤则为CaCl2.     

Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial bio-nano films for food packaging

This study prepared antibacterial nanocomposite films for food packaging from Montmorillonite, which was modified by quaternary ammonium salts such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CT), hexadecyl-tributyl phosphonium bromide (HD) and corn starch (CS). After this, it determined the antimicrobial activity of CS nanofilms against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Dispersion of silicate layers and starch nanocomposite films was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicated that presence of quaternary ammonium salts enhanced clay dispersion, and the starch films incorporated with quaternary ammonium salts would provide potential use in food packaging as nanostructural materials. The nanofilms that were obtained based on the results of the antibacterial analysis were confirmed to have much stronger antibacterial properties than those in similar studies in the literature.     

净化去除酸性废水中不同价态砷的研究

根据净化含砷废水的铁盐中和法．通过理论分析和实验表明,在Ｆｅ／Ａｓ＝０．５—６．０范围内,铁盐中和法对废水中３价砷的去除率较其对５价砷的去除率平均低约６０％,证实了废水中的３价砷较５价砷难于去除。氧化剂选择研究表明,对于含砷量高的酸性废水,采用漂白粉［Ｃａ（Ｃ１０）２］氧化其中的３价砷最为适宜。对于含砷７８２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,ｐＨ＝１的酸性废水,采用氧化－铁盐中和法经一级处理后,废水中含砷量即可低于８ｍｇ／Ｌ．除砷率大于９９％,二级处理后出水中砷含量即可低于国家排放标准（０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）。     

乳化液废水的均相催化湿式氧化

在2L的高温高压反应釜中,以非贵的过渡金属盐作均相催化剂,研究了高浓度难降解的乳化液废水的催化湿式氧化.试验发现,单一金属盐催化活性为Cu2 ＞Mn2 ＞Co2 ,其中Cu2 在200℃时催化效果良好,可使TOC去除率提高13.3%;Cu2 受投量影响较明显,以200mg/L为宜;混合盐催化活性为Cu2 Mn2 ≈Mn2 Co2 (＞Cu2 )＞Cu2 Co2 .     

POLLUTANTS ASSOCIATED WITH SAND AND SALT APPLIED TO ROADS IN MINNESOTA1

ABSTRACT: The component of snowmelt pollutant washoff due to sand and salt application to roadways in Minnesota is simulated. Laboratory methods are used to extract various pollutants from sand-salt mixtures commonly used in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area of Minnesota for keeping winter road conditions safe. Values derived in the laboratory are compared with actual snowmelt runoff values to estimate the contribution of materials application. High concentrations of solids, phosphorus, lead and zinc in snowmelt from road surfaces axe due in part to sand and salt spread to improve winter driving conditions. The source of the sand and salt appears to be influential in determining the pollutant levels. Judicious use and careful application of materials can reduce the increment of pollution due to anti-skid sand and salt applied to road surfaces.     

使用融雪剂除雪给环境带来的危害分析

针对北方城市冬季普遍使用融雪剂来融化道路上的积雪、有效改善雪后道路交通状况,但同时也带来了一系列的环境污染问题的现状,依据相关资料,并结合丹东市具体情况,对使用融雪剂除雪给环境带来的危害进行分析,并提出对策建议。