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701.
基于膳食营养需求的西藏县域土地资源承载力评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
“食物营养安全”是“食物安全”的重要组成,而当前单纯以“粮食”作为土地资源承载力的评价指标只能反映部分承载能力,从膳食营养角度评估更切合其实际土地资源承载状况。以供给与需求的动态平衡为基本思路,选取热量和蛋白质为关键参量构建土地资源承载力(LCC)测算与土地资源承载指数(LCCI)评价模型,对2015年西藏自治区县域土地资源承载力与土地资源承载状况进行定量评价,以期为实现西藏地区居民热量与蛋白质供需平衡对策提供科学依据,同时也为该区域居民营养需求的变化、机理及对策研究奠定基础。结果表明:(1)西藏县域尺度下土地资源承载力总体呈盈余状态,位于西藏东南部的“一江两河”流域县域土地资源承载力高,而位于西北部的那曲和阿里等地区县域土地资源承载力相对较低。(2)根据以当前热量和蛋白质实际消耗量为依据对土地承载力的评价结果,农区县、半农半牧区县和牧区县基于蛋白质需求的土地承载力比基于热量需求的承载力分别多8.83%、22.51%和67.78%,其中有13个牧区县和半农半牧区县以热量指标判断为超载状态,但以蛋白质指标判断却未超载,其原因在于牧区县和农牧区县动物性食物供给比例高,食物蛋白质供给能力相较热量供给能力更强。(3)若按照居民膳食宝塔推荐的人均热量和蛋白质摄入量标准,农区县、半农半牧区县和牧区县基于热量和蛋白质需求的土地资源承载力较实际营养摄入量下的承载力可分别多承载35.22%和12.5%的人口。评估结果体现了实际消耗和膳食标准情景下以及不同营养指标之间各县域承载力及承载状态的差异,可为通过调整人口结构、膳食结构等措施寻求提升区域人粮平衡水平和居民膳食营养水平对策提供依据。 相似文献
702.
目的 建立服务全军的装备环境基础数据信息共享平台,为装备质量研究和管理人员提供技术服务.方法 首先通过对装备研究院下属单位开展调研,分析调研结果,得到需求分析结论.以用户需求为基础,梳理本单位的基础数据和信息类别,理清相关信息元素,利用Java+Weblogic8.3+Oracle10g的模式进行开发.结果 利用软件技术开发了管理功能完善、扩展性较强、性能可靠、符合安全保密要求的信息共享服务平台.服务平台通过军用软件测试,并且开展了小范围的试用.结论 试用人员对服务平台提供的基础数据、信息和技术服务表示满意,试用效果良好. 相似文献
703.
James F Booker Bonnie G. Colby 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(5):877-888
ABSTRACT: Economic benefit functions of water resource use are estimated for all major offstream and instream uses of Colorado River water. Specific benefit estimates are developed for numerous agricultural regions, for municipal uses, and for cooling water in thermal energy generation. Economic benefits of hydropower generation are given, as are those for recreation on Colorado River reservoirs and on one free-flowing reach. Marginal and total benefit estimates for Colorado River water use are provided. The estimates presented here represent a synthesis of previous work, providing in total a comprehensive set of economic demand functions for competing uses of Colorado River water. Non-use values (e.g., benefits of preserving endangered species) are not estimated. 相似文献
704.
Franz Wirl 《Environmental management》1991,15(6):765-772
The environmental situation in the (former) communist countries of Eastern Europe is threatening. How will the political and economical restructuring affect the environmental conditions? This article investigates the consequences for air pollution resulting from energy uses over the next 5 yr. Since abatement investments seem unfeasible (with the exception of the former GDR) financially and to some extent also technically, the assessment of energy demand is crucial. Explicitly accounting for market prices shows that emissions will substantially decline due to conservation and the substitution of the cleaner fuel natural gas for “dirty” coal. 相似文献
705.
ABSTRACT: Annual evapotranspiration from a watershed (ETws) is a function of annual precipitation (P) and fraction of the watershed covered by shrubs and trees (C). Other characteristics are not significant in explaining variance of ETws. A rational equation, ETws = (1-C) ETg + CETst, wherein ETg is the ET of herbaceous cover and ETst is the ET of shrubs and trees, is proposed. The equation has been calibrated for ET and P in inches for the watershed of Lake Cachuma on the Santa Ynez River. This equation, ETmax = 2.14(1-C)P0.647+ 4.53 C1.76 P0.68, is recommended for estimating maximum annual ET demand for conceptual models. Where C is not known, the upper limit of ET = f (P) may be approximated by use of 0.65 for C. The equation has been derived for large unmanaged watersheds. Applicability for evaluation of contemporary multiple purpose vegetation management should be determined by studies of the hydrology of small openings in shrub and tree cover. 相似文献
706.
Himraj Dang 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):283-288
Deforestation and decline in agricultural productivity are major concerns over large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the
principal causes for both these phenomena is the export of woodfuels from rural agroecosystems to urban markets. This process
is noteworthy because of the size of the trade. Wood fuels (fuelwood, charcoal, and agricultural residues) constitute the
most important source of energy in these countries, varying from 60% to 95% of total energy consumption. In terms of the environmental
impact of the fuelwood trade, solutions typically considered are the introduction of improved cookstoves, fuelwood plantations,
and fuel substitution by conventional fuels. This article examines the structure of the fuelwood problem, reviews the successes
and failures of past experiences, and focuses on the potential for fuel substitution as an option to reduce the urban demand
for fuelwood. 相似文献
707.
Christian A. Vossler James Espey W. Douglass Shaw 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(5):1213-1220
ABSTRACT: In this paper we examine the possible reasons why individuals who live in homes facing a flat monthly rate for water accept or reject an offer to have water metering devices installed at no cost to them. A logit model is used to model the discrete choice of acceptance. Since the demand for metering is directly tied to water demand, we estimate demand models for unmetered households in the Reno/Sparks metropolitan area using contingent data obtained by presenting households with hypothetical prices they might encounter under a metering system. Conditional logit and demand models are then used to examine the potential for metering to promote water conservation in the arid Reno/Sparks, Nevada metropolitan area. 相似文献
708.
张凯利 《中国安全科学学报》1999,9(2):65-70
首次对国内一些企业进行《劳动保护产业》市场需求趋势的调查分析,并参考了国外有关信息,得出了“个人防护用品”是占据该市场最大份额项目的结论。还提出了如以“个人防护用品”为龙头发展劳动保护产业时,需要注意的几个问题。 相似文献
709.
Chen Hongfeng Li Fen Li Xiangling . School of Environment Natural Resources Renmin University of China Beijing China . School of Natural Resources Environment Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui China 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2007,5(2):41-48
As a megacity with thriving economy, Shanghai is experiencing rapid motorisation and confronted with traffic congestion problems despite its low car ownership. It is of value to look into the policies on emission control of motor vehicle and congestion reduction in such a city to explore how to reconcile mobility enhancement with the environment. Results of a dynamic simulation displayed time paths of emissions from motor vehicles in Shanghai over the period from 2000 to 2020. The simulation results showed that early policies on emission control of motor vehicle could bring about far-reaching effects on emission reduc- tion, and take advantage of available low-polluting technologies and technical innovation over time. Travel demand management would play an important role in curbing congestion and reducing motor vehicle pollution by calming down car ownership rise and deterring inefficient trips as well as reducing fuel waste caused by congestion. 相似文献
710.
Moharikar A Kapley A Purohit HJ 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(6):373-378
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Activated sludge from refineries contains various microorganisms that could utilize aromatics under aerobic conditions due to the oxygenase enzymes. Dioxygenase enzymes are oxygenases, which are involved in the ring cleavage step of aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the selected catabolic loci involved in ring cleavage have been monitored in the activated sludge samples at different time intervals. The investigation of the dioxygenase genes in the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) and evaluation of their presence at different time points provides a clue for the aromatic utilizing potential of the inherent microbial flora. METHODS: The catabolic gene loci pheB, xylE, tod-isp, bed and nahG responsible for the enzymes catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, toluene dioxygenase-iron-sulphur protein component, benzene dioxygenase and naphthalene dioxygenase were used respectively. The time dependent change in eubacterial population was demonstrated by the amplification of 16S rDNA product, followed by restriction digestion. The template DNA was obtained from the activated sludge collected from ETPs. The supporting physiological data for the overall performance of sludge was developed using respirometric analysis. The on-site COD and MLSS analysis for ETP was used in final evaluation. The study was carried out with samples collected from three different ETPs and also from a selected ETP at different time intervals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The respirometric studies were carried out with phenol, catechol, toluene, and naphthalene to arrive at the target genotypes for further study by PCR protocol. The respirometric analysis coupled with the COD and MLSS analysis represented the physiological capacity of the various sludges. Initially, the tracking protocol was optimized by using different sludge samples, which were collected from refineries. The selected genotypes were amplified and their presence has been confirmed using Southern analysis. The gene loci tod-isp, bed and xylE were commonly observed at various time intervals of the sludge from the same source. The gene loci pheB and nahG were found to be relatively rare. CONCLUSION: The 16S rDNA PCR products after restriction digestion produced different DNA fingerprint patterns, suggesting that the microbial community composition was diverse in the three sources. Similarly, the presence of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, benzene dioxygenase and toluene dioxygenase genes confirmed the aromatic degrading potential in the various sludges. The probes could not pick the nahG and pheB genes. However, the respirometeric assay suggested that the oxidative capacity to use naphthalene as a substrate exists. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Our study of the diversity at various time points from the ETP provided an overview of the shifts of the catabolic composition of the sludge. This also depends on the influential parameters like the incoming pollutant level and the environmental conditions that are prevailing and often changing from time to time. The results of direct DNA extraction and PCR amplification do reflect the relative abundance of a particular catabolic genotype, which could be used to monitor the efficiency of treatment. 相似文献