Critical Loads Exceedances in Germany and their Dependence on the Scale of Input Data

Critical load exceedances have been used as an effects-related parameter for guiding international air emission control negotiations. High-resolution critical load data are combined with low-resolution deposition data.This article shows that doing so systematicallyunderestimates `true' critical load exceedances as obtainedfrom combining critical load and deposition data of identicalhigh spatial resolution. 95th percentile critical loadexceedances in EMEP grids based on high resolution depositiondata are 60 and 150% higher (mean values for nutrientnitrogen and acidity, respectively) than critical loadexceedances based on the low resolution EMEP depositionmodel. The latter are used in international negotiations. Differences in individual EMEP grid squares vary betweeninsignificantly different from zero and 340%, depending onregional deposition and critical load characteristics andcritical load types (nutrient nitrogen versus acidity).Exceedances based on high-resolution deposition values arealso compared to EMEP grid averages of these values forforests only. This comparison excludes the effect ofsystematically higher depositions to forests. Still, thescale difference of (averaged, low-resolution) deposition and(high-resolution) critical loads data yields underestimatesof the 95th percentiles by on average ca. 20%.These systematic errors due to the scale dependence should beborne in mind when interpreting effects of internationalemission control measures.     

A novel two-dimensional model for colloid transport in physically and geochemically heterogeneous porous media

A two-dimensional model for colloid transport in geochemically and physically heterogeneous porous media is presented. The model considers patchwise geochemical heterogeneity, which is suitable to describe the chemical variability of many surficial aquifers with ferric oxyhydroxide-coated porous matrix, as well as spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity, which results in heterogeneous flow field. The model is comprised of a transient fluid flow equation, a transient colloid transport equation, and an equation for the dynamics of colloid deposition and release. Numerical simulations were carried out with the model to investigate the colloid transport behavior in layered and randomly heterogeneous porous media. Results demonstrate that physical and geochemical heterogeneities markedly affect the colloid transport behavior. Layered physical or geochemical heterogeneity can result in distinct preferential flow paths of colloidal particles. Furthermore, the combined effect of layered physical and geochemical heterogeneity may result in enhanced or reduced preferential flow of colloids. Random distribution of physical heterogeneity (hydraulic conductivity) results in a random flow field and an irregularly distributed colloid concentration profile in the porous medium. Contrary to random physical heterogeneity, the effect of random patchwise geochemical heterogeneity on colloid transport behavior is not significant. It is mostly the mean value of geochemical heterogeneity rather than its distribution that governs the colloid transport behavior.     

采集方法对氯化物沉积速率测试结果的影响

空气中氯化物的沉降速率是环境因素法评估大气腐蚀严酷度的一个重要因素,ISO9223标准规定的测试方法是使用湿烛法采集空气中的氯化物,而我国目前采用的方法是挂片法。文中同时使用湿烛法和挂片法采集万宁试验站近海暴露场大气中的氯化物并计算其沉积速率,每月采集一次,每次采集时间为1个月,连续采集11次,对这两种方法的测试结果是否一致进行了研究。研究表明：当显著水平为0．01时,湿烛法和挂片法具有明显的差异,挂片法确定的氯离子沉积速率等级可能要比湿烛法所确定的高一级。     

安庆市降尘重金属的污染评价与健康风险评价

为探究安庆市降尘重金属污染程度及存在的健康风险,在市区设置48个采样点采集降尘,分析降尘重金属含量.结果表明:安庆市降尘中Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, As, Cd含量平均值分别为134.1,640,128.9,55.4,128.7,63.9,2.98mg/kg.富集因子分析显示:Ni和Cr为轻微富集,Cu, Pb, As的富集因子较高,Zn和Cd为极强富集,其富集指数分别达到10.25和29.53.地积累指数评价平均生态危害表明:Cr和Ni属于轻度污染,Cu, Pb,As处于偏中度污染到中度污染之间,Zn属于中度污染,部分地区达到重度污染,Cd处于重污染到严重污染之间,其平均污染指数为5.07属于严重污染.手-口途径摄入是降尘重金属引起非致癌风险的最主要途径 ,总非致癌风险次序为As > Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd > Ni > Zn,其中手-口途径儿童As的暴露风险HQing已达到2.72明显超出限值1,易对儿童健康造成危害.其他金属风险均低于限值,不会对人们身体健康造成危害.降尘中的Ni, Cr, As, Cd通过呼吸途径不具有致癌风险.     

北京9个树种叶片滞尘量及叶面微形态解释

不同树种叶片对PM(颗粒物)的滞留能力存在较大差别,并与其表面特性密切相关. 在北京市选择空气相对清洁的植物园和污染严重的国贸桥2个地点,测定了9个常见绿化树种——白蜡、大叶黄杨、垂柳、国槐、毛白杨、玉兰、紫叶李、元宝枫和银杏的单位叶面积滞尘量及其粒径组成,并观测了各树种叶面微形态结构. 结果表明,国贸桥和北京植物园9个树种PM、PM>10、PM_2.5~10和PM_2.5平均滞留量之比分别为1.64、1.60、1.89和2.50,该比值随PM粒径减小呈增大的趋势. 环境污染会改变树木叶片表面结构与性质,从而改变其滞尘能力. 叶面沟槽深且间距大、润湿性好、气孔密度(>189 N/mm2)(以单位面积气孔数计)较大有利于滞尘;气孔密度(>217 N/mm2)更大的叶片有利于滞留PM_2.5~10. 此外,叶面绒毛数量直接影响PM_2.5滞留量,在不同污染程度下均表现为有绒毛树叶的PM_2.5滞留能力更强.      

杭嘉湖地区大气氮、磷沉降特征研究

通过2013年9月~2014年8月杭嘉湖地区杭州、嘉兴和湖州3个典型站点大气氮、磷沉降数据,探讨了杭嘉湖地区大气氮、磷沉降的污染特征.结果表明,目标地区内大气氮、磷沉降通量水平较高,分别为4950.74~5585.80,65.25~69.72kg/(km2·a);直接降入水域中的氮、磷素分别为6038.4,77.8t,分别相当于农业源的氮、磷入河量的39.6%和5.9%.氮沉降以湿沉降形式为主,磷沉降以干沉降形式为主;氮、磷湿沉降通量主要受降雨量影响,且随降雨量的增加而增加;氮、磷沉降存在时空差异性,大气氮干沉降通量以杭州、嘉兴地区为较高,大气磷干沉降通量以嘉兴地区为最高,大气氮湿沉降通量则以湖州、嘉兴地区为较高,大气磷湿沉降以湖州地区最高;时间尺度上,氮沉降夏秋两季最高,磷沉降以秋冬两季最高.     

大气氮湿沉降对青山湖富营养化的影响

针对大气湿沉降氮的区域通量问题,通过2008年春、夏季对临安青山湖区湿沉降中氮素化学形态的分析,揭示了大气氮湿沉降的时间分布特征,通过估算大气氮湿沉降的输入通量,研究湿沉降对湖区水体富营养化的贡献.结果表明,春季青山湖降水总氮浓度范围为(1.30±0.02)—(9.80±0.85)mg.L-1,其中铵态氮占总氮比例最高,为40.7%,硝态氮和有机氮的比例分别为33.5%和25.8%;雨水氮浓度随着降雨强度的增大呈显著下降趋势,铵态氮和硝态氮所占的比例随着降雨的进行会逐渐升高,而有机氮的比例却有不断降低的趋势;青山湖春季大气氮沉降负荷为6.64 kg.hm-2,雨水中平均的氮浓度为(4.86±0.65)mg.L-1,严重超过了水体富营养化0.2 mg.L-1的阈值,对青山湖水生生态系统造成潜在的威胁.     

中国硫沉降数值模拟

采用致酸污染物长距离传输模型ATMOS,对我国2002年排放的SO₂所产生的S沉降分布进行了数值模拟研究.分别将模式输出的ρ(SO₂),SO₄2-湿沉降量与实际监测地面层的ρ(SO₂),降水中SO₄2-湿沉降量进行相关性分析;对我国总S沉降、地面层ρ(SO₂)分布,以及S干、湿沉降分布特点等模拟结果进行详细分析.在此基础上,得到模拟各网格的总S沉降数值,将其与相应的S沉降临界负荷值进行比较,获得95%保证率(RAINS-Asia)下我国1°×1°S沉降超临界负荷分布图.为控制我国的S沉降,对各省SO₂减排的形势进行分析,并提出具体要求.      

LANDSLIDE INITIATION,RUNOUT, AND DEPOSITION WITHIN CLEARCUTS AND OLD‐GROWTH FORESTS OF ALASKA1

ABSTRACT: More than 300 landslides and debris flows were triggered by an October 1993 storm on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska. Initiation, runout, and deposition patterns of landslides that occurred within clearcuts, second‐growth, and old‐growth forests were examined. Blowdown and snags, associated with cedar decline and “normal” rates of mortality, were found adjacent to at least 75 percent of all failures regardless of land use. Nearly 50 percent of the landslides within clearcuts occurred within one year following timber harvest; more than 70 percent of these sites had hydrophytic vegetation directly above failures. In following the runout paths of failures, significantly more erosion per unit area occurred within clearcuts than in old‐growth forests on slopes with gradients from 9 to 28* (16 to 54 percent). Runout length, controlled by hillslope position within deglaciated valleys, was typically longer in old‐growth forests than in second growth and clearcuts (median values were 334, 201, and 153 m, respectively). Most landslides and debris flows deposited in first‐and second‐order channels before reaching the main stem channels used by anadromous fish. Slide deposits in old‐growth forests were composed of a higher proportion of woody debris than deposits derived from slides in second growth or clearcuts.     

北京地区雨水中溶解态有机氯农药的特征及源解析

对2006年5月~2007年11月北京地区雨水中溶解态有机氯农药(OCPs)的组成特征进行分析并对其进行源解析.结果表明,DDTs、HCHs、七氯、氯丹、六氯苯、艾氏剂和狄氏剂7种OCPs被检出,其平均浓度分别为(6.66±4.99)ng/L,(10.30±12.39)ng/L,(2.62±1.87)ng/L,(6.54 ± 4.58)ng/L,(3.99±3.02)ng/L,(2.10±1.40)ng/L和(2.25±1.58)ng/L.OCPs的总浓度在研究期间内呈总体下降趋势,表明北京地区的OCPs污染得到了较好的控制.通过对特征化合物的解析发现,有疑似的林丹和三氯杀螨醇的输入源,各化合物之间显著的相关性说明OCPs的输入途径相似.雨水中的OCPs含量与温度不相关;与降雨量和相对湿度有弱的负相关性;其沉降通量与空气中污染物的浓度相关,与降水量相关性不显著.