腾格里沙漠民勤沙丘CO_2浓度与昼夜变化规律研究

为查明沙漠区CO2浓度和对大气CO2的影响以及在全球碳循环中的作用,利用红外CO2监测仪于2009年9月对腾格里沙漠民勤实验点不同类型不同深度的沙层CO2含量变化进行了昼夜连续观测.根据12个钻孔CO2浓度的昼夜观测结果可知,民勤沙漠区不同观测点CO2浓度差异较大,各观测点昼夜CO2浓度变化在310×10-6～2 630×10-6之间;夜间沙层CO2浓度低,白天CO2浓度高;CO2浓度在深度上也有明显的差异,不同深度CO2浓度由大到小的顺序是:4 m(3m)2 m1m;与温带半湿润的西安地区相比,位于极端干旱区的民勤沙漠区CO2浓度显著低;CO2浓度昼夜变化明显,从当日09:00左右到次日09:00左右均呈现由低到高再到低的变化规律;在沙层水分一定的条件下,昼夜温度变化是造成沙层CO2浓度昼夜变化的主要原因,两者呈显著正相关关系;含水量较高沙层CO2浓度明显高于含水量较低沙层,沙层含水量高低是决定沙层CO2浓度的主要因素;4 m深度以上沙层CO2浓度均高于地表空气CO2浓度,表明极端干旱的沙漠区可能是CO2的来源区,也指示环境恶劣的裸露流动沙丘微生物活动产生的沙层CO2浓度仍然超过了大气CO2浓度.     

太行山区水循环及其对华北平原地下水补给的研究

山区水循环研究不仅对山区本身, 对与其相连的山前平原地下水的补给也具有重要意义。太 行山区作为华北平原的重要水源补给区, 其水循环现状以及对华北平原地下水的补给研究尚少, 许 多机理还不明确。研究通过阐述山区水循环过程与机理, 结合地处太行山中段的牛家庄实验流域的 实例研究, 对太行山区对华北平原地下水的补给过程进行了分析。2004 年4-11 月的研究结果表 明, 牛家庄流域对山前的侧向补给量为1.53×106m3, 补给系数(补给总量/降水总量)为0.242。流域的 下游补给系数最大, 中游次之, 上游最小。最后, 用概念模型对太行山区流域水循环机制和山前侧向 补给的机理进行了阐述。     

我国北方荒漠化地区主要灌木种的物候学研究

采用中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站１９８７～１９９７年物候连续观测资料,研究了我国主要荒漠灌木种在该地区的物候学特征,并分析了与温度、降水、光照、风速等环境因子的相关性,结果表明,均温与光照是这些灌木主要物候期的主导因子。通过聚类分析确立了３个萌动期物候类型、３个展叶期物候类型和４个开花期物候类型。研究结果对荒漠化地区人工植被建设和生物多样性迁地保护具有重要的意义.     

西北地区大型内陆盆地地下水系统演化特征分析

论文对西北地区各大型内陆盆地地下水系统中含水系统的结构特征和地下水径流特征进行了对比分析。利用模糊数学方法对内陆盆地各流域地表水与地下水相互转化模式进行了识别,结果表明,各流域地表水与地下水相互转化不仅在形式上是一致的,而且在量化比例上也具有非常的相似性。文章还就水文环境变化和人类活动对地下水系统演化规律的影响进行了探讨。在此基础上,对西北地区内陆盆地水资源合理开发利用提出了一些合理化建议。     

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FLOODING DAMAGE ON A USA/QUEBEC RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: There is a general belief in the public eye that extreme events such as floods are becoming more and more common. This paper explores this hypothesis by examining the historical evolution of annual expected flooding damage on the Chateauguay River Basin, located at the border between the United States and the province of Quebec, Canada. A database of basin land use was constructed for the years 1930 and 1995 to assess anthropogenic changes and their impact on the basin's hydrology. The progressive modification of the likelihood of a flooding event over the same period was then investigated using homogeneity and statistical tests on available hydrometric data. The evolution of the annual expected flooding damage was then evaluated using a coupled hydrologic/hydraulic simulator linked to a damage analysis model. The simulator and model were used to estimate flooding damage over a wide range of flooding return periods, for conditions prevailing in 1963 and 1995. Results of the analysis reveal the absence of any increasing or decreasing trend in the historical occurrence of flooding events. However, a general increase in the annual expected flooding damage was observed for all studied river sections. This increase is linked to an historical increase in damages for a given flooding event, and is the result of unbridled construction and development within the flood zone. To assess for future trends, this study also examined the potential impacts linked to the anticipated global warming. Results indicate that a significant increase in seasonal flooding events and annual expected flooding damage is possible over the next century. In fact, what is now considered a 100‐year flooding event for the summer/fall season could become a ten‐year event by the end of this century. This shows that potential future impacts linked to climate change should be considered now by engineers, land planners, and decision makers. This is especially critical if a design return period is part of the decision making process.     

不同人工措施对沙质荒漠生态恢复与重建初期效应的影响

机械措施与生物措施相结合是流沙治理行之有效的重要途径和方法。通过对4种不同人工措施干预治理流动沙地后其生态恢复初期(前3年)植被、土壤理化性质和水分动态变化进行了观测研究,并以流沙区为对照进行了对比分析。结果表明:沙质荒漠生态系统恢复变化首先始于各种机械措施所建立的稳定地面的形成,为天然植物的迅速增殖和侵入、人工固沙植物的介入、枯枝落叶的储存及流沙成土过程提供了必要的环境条件。枯枝落叶层的形成又为土壤-植物系统物质交换建立了介面,促进了流沙的成土过程。不同人工措施治理区0～200cm土壤平均含水量与流沙区土壤含水量相比差异不显著,说明土壤水分仍能保持流动沙地原有的水分平衡状态。但随着天然植被的恢复与人工固沙林生长,其对土壤水分的影响深度由干预前的40cm加深至第三年的160cm。系统内植物恢复与流沙成土过程的前期效果表明,草沙障或土沙障 固沙林措施优于塑料沙障 人工沙蒿和封育治理措施,是流动沙地得以快速治理的有效方法。从植被群落结构的变化看,人工植被在建立后第三年其生态功能才开始初见成效。     

祁连山中部四种典型生态系统土壤氮矿化的研究

水热因素对土壤氮矿化的影响直接关系到陆地生态系统功能对气候变化的响应趋势。祁连山是青藏高原北沿的典型山地,对气候变化影响十分敏感和脆弱,为了定量确定祁连山土壤氮分解对水热因素变化的响应趋势,在人工气候箱内以正交试验设计方法培养土壤,分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林、荒漠草原和干草原土壤氮矿化及其与温度、湿度和土层的关系。结果显示:以土壤氮矿化量极差计,海拔高度影响最大,其次是温度和湿度;以土壤氮矿化比例极差计,温度和海拔高度影响较大。海拔高度对土壤氮矿化量的影响显著(p<0.05)。除湿度外,其它因素对土壤氮矿化比例影响也达到显著程度(p<0.10)。35℃下土壤氮矿化比例显著比5℃下高,而不同湿度下土壤氮矿化及其矿化比例差异不显著(p<0.05)。海拔高度3000m和3300m处土壤氮矿化量比2800m和2200m处高,2800m处比2200m处高,3000m处土壤氮矿化比例显著比2200m和3300m处高(p<0.05)。森林和干旱草原土壤中氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。以土壤氮矿化速率计,5℃升高到15℃下和15℃升到25℃,Q10较低;以土壤氮矿化比例计,5℃升高到15℃下,Q10较高,15℃到25℃较低。研究结果说明高寒草甸和山地森林土壤氮矿化量较高,干旱草原和荒漠草原土壤氮矿化量较低;森林和干旱草原中土壤氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。     

Multiyear monitoring of survival following mitigation-driven translocation of a long-lived threatened reptile

Translocation is used by managers to mitigate the negative impacts of development on species. Moving individuals to a new location is challenging, and many translocation attempts have failed. Robust, posttranslocation monitoring is therefore important for evaluating effects of translocation on target species. We evaluated the efficacy of a translocation designed to mitigate the effects of a utility-scale solar energy project on the U.S. federally listed Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). The species is a long-lived reptile threatened by a variety of factors, including habitat loss due to renewable energy development in the Mojave Desert and portions of the Colorado Desert in southern California (southwestern United States). We translocated 58 individual tortoises away from the project's construction site and intensively monitored them over 5 years (2012–2017). We monitored these individuals and tortoises located in the translocation release area (resident tortoises; n = 112) and control tortoises (n = 149) in a nearby location. We used our tortoise encounter data and known-fate survival models to estimate annual and cumulative survival. Translocated tortoises in each of 2 size classes (120–160 mm, >160 mm) did not survive at lower rates than resident and control tortoises over the study period. For models with different sets of biotic and abiotic covariates, annual and cumulative estimates of survival were always >0.87 and >0.56, respectively. Larger tortoises tended to have higher survival, but translocated tortoises were not differentially affected by the covariates used to model variation in survival. Based on these findings, our translocation design and study protocols could inform other translocation projects for desert species. Our case study highlights the benefits of combining rigorous scientific monitoring with well-designed, mitigation-driven management actions to reduce the negative effects of development on species of conservation concern.     

Long‐distance flights and high‐risk breeding by nomadic waterbirds on desert salt lakes

Understanding and conserving mobile species presents complex challenges, especially for animals in stochastic or changing environments. Nomadic waterbirds must locate temporary water in arid biomes where rainfall is highly unpredictable in space and time. To achieve this they need to travel over vast spatial scales and time arrival to exploit pulses in food resources. How they achieve this is an enduring mystery.  We investigated these challenges in the colonial‐nesting Banded Stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus), a nomadic shorebird of conservation concern. Hitherto, Banded Stilts were hypothesized to have only 1–2 chances to breed during their long lifetime, when flooding rain fills desert salt lakes, triggering mass‐hatching of brine shrimp. Over 6 years, we satellite tagged 57 individuals, conducted 21 aerial surveys to detect nesting colonies on 14 Australian desert salt lakes, and analyzed 3 decades of Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery to quantify salt‐lake flood frequency and extent. Within days of distant inland rainfall, Banded Stilts flew 1,000–2,000 km to reach flooded salt lakes. On arrival, females laid over half their body weight in eggs. We detected nesting episodes across the species’ range at 7 times the frequency reported during the previous 80 years. Nesting colonies of thousands formed following minor floods, yet most were subsequently abandoned when the water rapidly evaporated prior to egg hatching. Satellite imagery revealed twice as many flood events sufficient for breeding‐colony initiation as recorded colonies, suggesting that nesting at remote sites has been underdetected. Individuals took risk on uncertain breeding opportunities by responding to frequent minor flood events between infrequent extensive flooding, exemplifying the extreme adaptability and trade‐offs of species exploiting unstable environments. The conservation challenges of nest predation by overabundant native gulls and anthropogenic modifications to salt lakes filling frequencies require investigation, as do the physiological and navigational mechanisms that enable such extreme strategies.     

粉煤灰和城市污泥配施对荒漠土壤持水性能影响的实验研究

通过模拟降雨及降雨后自然条件下的土壤表面水分蒸发,研究了粉煤灰和城市污泥配施对荒漠土壤持水性能的影响。研究结果表明,施用粉煤灰和城市污泥后的土壤饱和含水率是对照荒漠土壤的1.95倍,持水时间提高7天左右。这对于在干旱缺水的荒漠地区进行植树造林,恢复生态环境,提高有限的水资源利用率,防止荒漠化的扩大具有十分重要的理论指导意义。