钻井废弃泥浆用于沙漠改良的可行性研究

苏里格气田地处毛乌素沙漠,气候干旱,地表为荒漠或半荒漠草地。气田开发产生的钻井废弃泥浆具有高含水、有机质和粘粒的特点,可用来改良沙漠;利用具有肥效特征的处理剂处理废弃泥浆并用来改良沙漠,使土壤的理化性质大大改善,土壤有机质含量提高,植物株高、株重增加;土壤微生物的数量也大幅增加,有利于土壤生态系统的建立并形成良性循环。     

新疆G30线速度管理和控制技术研究

速度管理和控制技术是高速公路交通运输中重要的措施和手段,合理的速度管理和控制技术可以提高高速公路的运营管理水平并确保其运营安全.本文针对新疆G30线高速公路的地域、线形、运行特点,探讨了各种速度管理和控制技术在该路段的实施效果,并提出了合理的速度管理和控制措施,以为该高速公路设计和改造升级的速度控制提供借鉴和依据.     

PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING FOR POLDER SYSTEM DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: An approach is developed for incorporating the uncertainty of parameters for estimating runoff in the design of polder systems in ungaged watersheds. Monte Carlo Simulation is used to derive a set of realizations of streamflow hydrographs for a given design rainstorm using the U. S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) unit hydrograph model. The inverse of the SCS curve number, which is a function of the antecedent runoff condition in the SCS model, is the random input in the Monte Carlo Simulation. Monte Carlo realizations of streamfiow hydrographs are used to simulate the performance of a polder flood protection system. From this simulation the probability of occurrence of flood levels for a particular hydraulic design may be used to evaluate its effectiveness. This approach is demonstrated for the Pluit Polder flood protection system for the City of Jakarta, Indonesia. While the results of the application indicate that uncertainty in the antecedent runoff condition is important, the effects of uncertainty in rainfall data, in additional runoff parameters, such as time to peak, in the hydraulic design, and in the rainfall-runoff model selected should also be considered. Although, the SCS model is limited to agricultural conditions, the approach presented herein may be applied to other flood control systems if appropriate storm runoff models are selected.     

TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT-BOUND ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES TO THE SAN JOAQUIN RWER,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Suspended sediment samples were collected in west-side tributaries and the main stem of the San Joaquin River, California, in June 1994 during the irrigation season and in January 1995 during a winter storm. These samples were analyzed for 15 organochiorine pesticides to determine their occurrence and their concentrations on suspended sediment and to compare transport during the irrigation season (April to September) to transport during winter storm runoff (October to March). Ten organochiorine pesticides were detected during the winter storm runoff; seven during the irrigation season. The most frequently detected organochlorine pesticides during both sampling periods were p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, dieldrin, toxaphene, and chiordane. Dissolved samples were analyzed for three organochiorine pesticides during the irrigation season and for 15 during the winter storm. Most calculated total concentrations of p,p-DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene exceeded chronic criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic life. At eight sites in common between sampling periods, suspended sediment concentrations and streamfiow were greater during the winter storm runoff - median concentration of 3,590 mg/L versus 489 mg(L and median streamfiow of 162 ft³/s versus 11 ft³/s. Median concentrations of total DDT (sum of p,p'-DDD, p,p-DDE, and p,p'-DDT), chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene on suspended sediment were slightly greater during the irrigation season, but instantaneous loads of organochlorine pesticides at the time of sampling were substantially greater during the winter storm. Estimated loads for the entire irrigation season exceeded estimated loads for the January 1995 storm by about 2 to 4 times for suspended transport and about 3 to 11 times for total transport. However, because the mean annual winter runoff is about 2 to 4 times greater than the runoff during the January 1995 storm, mean winter transport may be similar to irrigation season transport. This conclusion is tentative primarily because of insufficient information on long-term seasonal variations in suspended sediment and organochlorine concentrations. Nevertheless, runoff from infrequent winter storms will continue to deliver a significant load of sediment-bound organochiorine pesticides to the San Joaquin River even if irrigation-induced sediment transport is reduced. As a result, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in San Joaquin River biota will continue to be relatively high compared to other regions of the United States.     

QUANTIFYING MODEL OUTPUT UNCERTAINTY DUE TO SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL1

Traditionally in the application of hydrologic/water quality (H/WQ) models, rainfall is assumed to be spatially homogeneous and is considered not to contribute to output uncertainty. The objective of this study was to assess the uncertainty induced in model outputs solely due to rainfall spatial variability. The study was conducted using the AGNPS model and the rainfall pattern captured by a network of 17 rain gauges. For each rainfall event, the model was run using the rainfall captured by each rain gauge, one at a time, under the assumption of rainfall spatial homogeneity. A large uncertainty in the modeled outputs resulted from the rainfall spatial variability. The uncertainty in the modeled outputs exceeded the input rainfall uncertainty. Results of this study indicate that spatial variability of rainfall should be captured and used in H/WQ models in order to accurately assess the release and transport of pollutants. A large uncertainty in the model outputs can be expected if this rainfall property is not taken into account.     

气温和土壤湿度变化对3种典型荒漠植物种子发芽的影响

植物种子发芽对气温和土壤湿度变化的响应是气候变化对荒漠生态系统影响的关键. 为了分析荒漠植物种子发芽对气温和土壤湿度变化的响应趋势,选择典型荒漠植物沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolica)、泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)和麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii),在人工气候箱中分析在3种土壤湿度(3%,5%和15%),2种气温(16 ℃/22 ℃ 和21 ℃/27 ℃)和浸种(12 h)与不浸种处理下种子的发芽趋势. 结果显示:沙拐枣和泡泡刺种子的发芽率随土壤湿度的增加而增加,浸种下随气温的升高其发芽率增幅比不浸种下大;不浸种下气温升高麻黄种子发芽率增幅比不浸种下大,浸种下土壤湿度为3%时气温升高其发芽率增幅比土壤湿度为5%和15%时大(P<0.05). 3种植物种子发芽指数随气温的升高和土壤湿度的增加而增加,不浸种下气温升高沙拐枣和泡泡刺种子的发芽指数显著增加,浸种下其发芽指数增幅不大;不浸种下气温升高麻黄种子发芽指数增幅较小,浸种下其发芽指数增幅较大. 3种植物种子均在培养初期发芽速率增加较快. 荒漠植物种子发芽受气温和土壤湿度的共同影响,不同植物种子发芽对这些因素的变化有不同的响应.      

不同干扰下阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物群落格局的变动特征

干扰广泛被认为是影响物种多样性变化的最主要的因素。近年来,物种多样性对干扰的响应是生态学家关注和研究的热点问题之一。2002-2011年,在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区对人为不同利用（干扰）方式形成的禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4种不同区域中,通过对啮齿动物群落的物种数、物种总捕获率、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数等4个变量的时间序列资料的比较,分析了这些变量的年间变动特点及在不同干扰条件下的变动规律,并对不同干扰区各变量的趋势进行分析,探讨啮齿动物群落对不同干扰过程的响应。结果表明：4个变量的最高值均出现在受中等干扰的轮牧区中,物种总捕获率2003年出现了各区的第1个高峰,总捕获率分别为过牧区10.75%、轮牧区19.60%、禁牧区11.20%、开垦区10.55%;2008年出现第2个高峰,4个区物种总捕获率均达到了各区的最高峰,捕获率分别为过牧区29.60%、轮牧区34.15%、禁牧区14.20%、开垦区27.10%。过牧区与轮牧区群落物种总捕获率、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀性指数显著相关（p〈0.05）,变动规律相似。过牧区与轮牧区、禁牧区与过牧区、轮牧区与禁牧区之间的物种总捕获率呈极显著正相关（p〈0.01）。过牧区与轮牧区相似度较高（I=0.8568）;过牧区Shannon-Wiener指数表现为有显著的下降趋势（Y=-0.142 lnt＋1.487,F=6.320,p＜0.05）,表明随着过牧时间的积累,对生境的干扰逐步加重,啮齿动物群落的多样性会逐渐降低。     

荒漠草原区不同土地利用类型土壤水分时空特征

土壤水分是荒漠草原区土地可持续利用的重要指标,通过多个连续生长季的观测能够分析土壤水分的可持续性.对2011-2012年连续2a土壤水分和降水量进行定点观测,比较分析了荒漠草原区不同土地利用类型土壤水分的时空变化.结果表明:枯水年不同土地利用类型之间土壤水分差异比丰水年大;枯水年5种土地利用类型土壤水分随时间的变化均呈增长型,而在丰水年均呈波动型;5种土地利用类型土壤水分在枯水年呈现3峰3谷的变化特征,在丰水年与降水量的波动显著相关,并且有较长时期处于稳定期(7月至次年4月);无论是丰水年还是枯水年,荒漠草原区土壤含水量以人工苜蓿地和人工甘草地较大,甘草苜蓿昆合草地和天然草地次之,柠条林地最低.通过对比分析不同年份5种土地利用类型土壤水分的时空变化,以及水分补给与消耗在土壤剖面上的变化特点,可以更好地理解在景观尺度上的生态过程,对荒漠草原区土壤水分的有效利用及水土保持具有重要意义.     

白石砬子自然保护区几种主要植被类型土壤入渗特性研究

为了深入研究辽东山区森林土壤的水源涵养功能,以白石砬子自然保护区内的6种主要植被类型下土壤为研究对象,采用野外双环试验和室内理化性质分析相结合的方法,研究了不同植被类型下土壤入渗能力及其与理化性质的关系。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤的初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率、渗透总量均表现为下层低于上层,最大值是最小值的近3倍;不同植被类型间土壤入渗能力差异较大,其中A层初渗率排列顺序为原生红松阔叶混交林>红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>农地>蒙古栎林>杂木林,B层初渗率排列顺序为鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>农地>杂木林>红松人工林>原生红松阔叶混交林>蒙古栎林,A层稳渗率排列顺序为红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>原生红松阔叶混交林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,B层稳渗率以杂木林最大,为3.8 mm?min-1,原生红松阔叶混交林最小,仅为1.1 mm?min-1,其他4种植被类型土壤稳渗率几乎无差异,A层平均入渗率排列顺序为红松人工林>原生红松阔叶混交林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,B层平均入渗率排列顺序为杂木林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>红松人工林>蒙古栎林>农地>原生红松阔叶混交林,A层的渗透总量以红松阔叶混交林和红松人工林最大,蒙古栎林和农地相对较低,B层的渗透总量以杂木林最大,红松阔叶混交林最小;主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序为红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>原生红松阔叶混交林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率和渗透总量等4个指标综合起来能够很好的表达土壤入渗能力,其主成分方差的累积贡献率为90.662%;不同层次土壤入渗速率与入渗时间均存在良好的幂函数关系;土壤的稳渗率、平均入渗率、渗透总量与非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关关系,初渗率与非毛管孔隙存在相关性,但不显著。与容重存在负相关关系,但不显著。